UNIT 3

Living Things and

their Environment
• Chapter 9 – The Reproductive,
Endocrine, and Nervous
System
• Chapter 10 – Understanding the Genetic
Material
• Chapter 11 – Biodiversity and Evolution
• Chapter 12 – Population Ecology
Essential Question:

•How does healthy lifestyle of humans

impact the diversity and stability of
ecosystems?
Instructions: Create a K-W-L chart regarding on
the essential question for the unit topic.
Next, fill in the K and W columns.
K W L
(What I already know) (What I want to know) (What I have learned)
CHAPTER 9 -The Reproductive,
Endocrine, and Nervous System

• Key Understanding

The organ systems of the body coordinate with one

another. They are regulated by hormones through
feedback mechanisms.
The Human
Reproductive System
Learning Competency

•describe the parts of the reproductive

system and their functions
Reproductive system – composed of organs and glands,
facilitates the reproduction in humans.

Puberty – the period of physical changes in adolescents as their

bodies reach sexual maturity.

Both males and females produce specialized cells called the sex
cells, or gametes.
Male reproductive system produces sperm cells.
Female reproductive system produces egg cells.
 Functions of the Human Reproductive Systems
Male Reproductive System Female Reproductive
System
1. Produces male sex cells 1. Produces female sex
cells
2. Deposits sperm into the 2. Receives sperm cells
vagina of the female
3. Provides the medium by 3. Nurtures the
which sperm cells can development of and
reach the mature egg cell provide nourishment for
the embryo
 ejaculatory duct -------

epididymis -------
 fetus

What have you observed on the illustration presented on the TV screen?

What are those illustrations?
Are those illustrations important to humans and other living things?
In what way does it make sense to all living things?
The Menstrual Cycle
Learning Objectives:

• define menstruation.
• illustrate the flow of menstrual cycle in
female individuals.
• give importance on how an individual is
made and promote preservation of life.
Menstruation – monthly shedding of the
endometrial lining of the uterus due to
the influence of hormones.
Menarche – refers to a female’s first time
to experience menstruation and marks
the start of her reproductive years.
Estrogen and Progesterone – hormones
release in the ovaries.
Menstrual flow – happens when hormones
in females decreases and causes the
sloughing and deterioration of the
ACTIVITY 2: Concept Mapping
Instructions: Using the terms provided in the box below, create a concept map out of it and make aanexplanation
explanation
on what are the connections of those terms to each other.

Menstruation Menstrual flow Hypothalamus

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) Hormones
Estrogen Pregnancy Progesterone
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Ovulation Menstrual Cycle Menarche

EXPLANATION:
_________________________________________________________________________
• Why is menstrual cycle important?
• How does menstruation affect your daily lifestyle?

Relate this phrase from the BIBLE.

Genesis 1:28
“And God blessed them, and God said unto them, Be fruitful,
and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it: and have
dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air,
and over every living thing that moveth upon the earth.”
Short Quiz
Identification: Identify the term/s referred to in
each statement.
1. It refers to a female’s first time to experience
menstruation.
2. This is the period when a woman is most fertile.
3 – 4. These are two hormones released by the
ovaries with the help of the anterior pituitary
gland.
5. It is considered as the average menstrual cycle.
From Fertilization
to Implantation
Stages of Reproduction
What
happens
when an
embryo
does not
divide
completely
?
1. GNLDAS 2. AOVRISE

3. CPNREAAS 4. EESTST

5. TIRHYDO 6. PTTUIIRYA

7. THUSMY 8.
PHYOTHLAAUSM

9. DARNLEA 10. ILNPEA

Learning Objectives:

- identify and describe the

different glands in the endocrine
system
- determine the hormones
secreted by the different glands
 The Endocrine System
- controls body activities by means of chemical
messenger called hormones, which are produced by
glands and affect target cells.

- Two Types of Glands in the body:

• Endocrine glands – release their hormones directly
into the bloodstream.
• Exocrine glands – release their secretions through
ducts that lead to the target cells.
 Feedback mechanisms detect the amount
of hormones in circulation.
• If the feedback stimulates the release of
more hormones, it is considered a positive
feedback.
• If the feedback dictates a reduction of
hormones, it is a negative feedback.

Certain glands are not only part of the

endocrine system but also of other organ
systems in the body.
• Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus

- Produces hormones that control activities of various

glands.
- Sometimes called as “master gland”.
- Composition of Pituitary Gland:
Posterior lobe – an extension of the hypothalamus and
secretes two hormones: antidiuretic hormone
(ADH) and oxytocin.
Anterior lobe – secretes hormones such as prolactin,
gonadotropic hormones, thyroid-stimulating
hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone
(ACTH), and growth hormone.
Thyroid Gland

- Secretes two hormones (thyroxine and triiodothyronine) that

increase the total chemical reactions (known as cellular
metabolism) in the cells.
- Calcitonin, lowers blood calcium levels under certain
conditions.
Hypothyroidism – caused by underactive thyroid gland and
may lead to cretinism (a condition
characterized by physical and mental
retardation).
• Other Complications under hypothyroidism:
- myxedema coma, goiter
Hyperthyroidism – caused by overactive thyroid.
• Graves’ disease – most common cause of hyperthyroidism.
• Parathyroid Glands

- Four small glands found at

the back of the thyroid
gland.
- Secretes parathormones,
which regulate calcium in
the blood and oppose the
action of calcitonin when it
exceeds normal levels.
- Calcium – needed in muscle
contraction, blood clotting,
and other activities.
• Adrenal Glands

- Composed of adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex.

- Adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and
norepinephrine, also known as “adrenaline” and
“noradrenaline”.
• Adrenaline – regarded as the “emergency hormone”.
- Adrenal cortex secretes three types of hormones:
glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and sex hormones.
• Cortisol – stress hormone
• Aldosterone – regulates salt and water in the body
• Pancreas

- A versatile gland in that it produces digestive enzymes

and hormones.
- Islets of Langerhans of the pancreas produce
digestive enzymes such as pancreatic amylase.
- Effects of insulin and glucagon are antagonistic or
opposite: while insulin lowers the blood sugar level,
glucagon raises it.
• Somatostatin – inhibits the secretion of other
hormones, including insulin and glucagon in the
pancreas.
 The Nervous System
• Composition:

 Central Nervous System (CNS) – comprises the brain

and spinal
cord. (center)
 Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) – composed of
nerves, a
collection of many long thin cells called “neurons”.
(sideline)
• NEURON
 the basic functional unit of the nervous system.
carries messages to and from the different parts
of the body from one neuron to another.
Regarded as the longest cells of the body.

 Dendrites – extensions of neurons that receive

messages from
neighboring neurons.

 Axon – elongated end of a neuron that send messages

to the
• Nerve Impulse – an electrochemical charge that travels at a speed of up
to 120 m/s from one end of a nerve cell to the next.
• Synapse – a short gap visible only under a high-powered microscope
where the terminal end of a nerve is separated from the next
cell.

 Three Types of Neurons:

 Sensory Neuron
 Interneurons
 Motor neurons
FUNCTIONAL DIVISIONS of the NERVOUS SYSTEM
• The Central Nervous System
 integrates the work of the receptors and the effectors to bring responses.
 BRAIN: The Central Processor
• one of the body’s most complex organs, it is the center of knowledge,
emotions, learning, and awareness.
 Three Major Parts:
• Cerebrum – (left and right hemisphere)
• Cerebellum – responsible for movement and motor
coordination.
• Brain Stem – posterior part of the brain that continues
downward to the spinal cord.
 SPINAL CORD
 runs down the center
of the back and is connected
to the brain like an
extension.
 protected by the vertebral
column, which is composed
of individual vertebrae.
 brings impulses to and
from the brain and is the
site of reflex action.
• The Peripheral Nervous System

 includes all the nerves that carry signals to and from the brain and
spinal cord.
Composed of 31 pairs of spinal nerves – connected to the spinal cord.
Composed of 12 pairs of cranial nerves – connect directly to the
brain.

 Two Parts:
• Somatic Nervous System – regulates voluntary movements.
• Autonomic Nervous System – regulates involuntary movements.
 REFLEX ACTION
 involve the sensory neurons, motor neurons,
and interneurons.
o Sensory neuron carries the information of a nerve impulse to
the spinal cord.
o Interneuron in the spinal cord passes the impulse to motor
neuron, which carries impulses to the muscle in your hand.

 Reflex – a spontaneous response; it does not pass through

the brain hence does not require though in order to
generate action.
 NERVE
o an enclosed,
cable-like bundle
of nerve fibers or
axons.

o tissues that
connect or link
the nervous
system with the
different parts of
the body.
 HOMEOSTASIS and FEEDBACK MECHANISMS
• Homeostasis – the balanced state of internal conditions despite changes in
the external environment.
STIMULUS – any external or internal change in the environment that
prompts an organism to react.
o external stimulus - arises from outside the body.
o internal stimulus – originates within the body.

A stimulus triggers an increase or a decrease in the amount of

hormones released, changing the internal conditions of the cells. This
self-adjusting mechanism is called feedback mechanism, or feedback
regulation.
Example of
NEGATIVE
FEEDBACK
LOOP
Example of
POSITIVE
FEEDBACK
LOOP
 TARGET CELLS

 Blood facilitates the circulation of

hormones throughout the body.
 However, only the target cells can
respond to a particular hormone.
Hormones are recognized by their
target cells via membrane receptors
that serve as binding sites for specific
proteins.