TISSUE

Class 9 CBSE Sathvik Prasanna

INTRODUCTION
The living organisms either unicellular like amoeba or multicellular like human beings
have different

life processes. In unicellular organism all the life processes are carried out within a single
cell.

In multicellular organisms due to increase in body size, it is difficult for each cell to
efficiently cope

with the vast variety of the physiological needs of the organisms, so cells differentiate
into specific

tissues to perform specific functions. In human being nerve cells carry messages and
blood flows

to transport oxygen, food, hormones and waste materials.

 TISSUE - DEFINITION

A group of cells that are similar in structure and perform

common function is called tissue.

The term tissue was coined by Bichat. The study of internal

structure of any part of an organism is called anatomy. The
study of tissue with the help of microscope is called histology.

Importance of tissues

Workload of individual cell has decreased. Tissues become

organized to form organs and organs into organ systems.
Formation of tissues has brought about division of labour in
multicellular organisms.Multicellular organisms have higher
survival due to improved body organization and higher
efficiency of functions.
PLANT TISSUES
PLANT TISSUE

Plants are stationary so they require more of supportive tissue for

obtaining structural strength.

Most of these tissues are dead and hence they provide more
mechanical strength and they require less energy for their
maintenance.

The growth of plants is limited to certain regions.In these regions,

growing tissues are present, which have capacity to divide
throughout life.

Plant tissues can be classified into two groups on the basis of

their division capacity, meristematic tissue and permanent tissue.
CLASSIFICATION OF PLANT TISSUE
MERISTEMATIC TISSUE

These are living tissues which are capable

of division.These tissues are found in
growing regions of plants. Cells have thin
cell wall. Cells contain dense cytoplasm and
do not have vacuoles.Cells contain
prominent and large nucleus. Intercellular
spaces are absent.Metabolically active cells
and stored food is absent.

Function- Meristematic tissue is

responsible for the growth in length and
width(girth) of plant.
 CLASSIFICATION OF MERISTEMATIC TISSUE
(i)Apical meristem

It is present at the growing tips of shoot and root.Root apical meristem is covered
by root cap which protects it from the rubbing of soil particles. They are
responsible for increase in the length of shoot and root.

(ii) Intercalary meristem

Intercalary meristem may be present at the internode as in grasses, bamboo and

mints or the base of Pinus leaves. They are responsible for the growth in length of
plant organs. Apical and intercalary meristem are responsible for primary growth
of plant (growth in length).

(iii) Lateral meristem

It lies on the lateral sides of stem and root or occurs along the sides of longitudinal
axis of the plant. It helps in increasing the diameter (girth or width) of plant. Hence
helps in secondary growth. Lateral meristem is of two types, vascular cambium
and cork cambium. Vascular cambium produces secondary phloem and secondary
xylem. Cork cambium (phellogen) produces a protective cork on the outside.
PERMANENT TISSUE

They are formed by division and differentiation of

meristematic tissue.

They are composed of those cells which have lost

the power of division (temporarily or permanently)
and attained a permanent shape, size and
function. Cells may be living or dead.

Permanent tissues are of two types, simple

permanent tissue and complex permanent tissue.
SIMPLE PERMANENT
TISSUE
SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUE

These tissues are made up of similar

types of cells, that perform a common
function.

They are protective and supportive in

nature. Simple tissues are of three types

(i) Parenchyma

(ii) Collenchyma

(iii) Sclerenchyma
 PARENCHYMA
It is a living and basic packaging tissue which consists of
relatively unspecialised cells.
Parenchyma is the first evolved permanent tissue which
is present in all soft parts of plant (therefore called
universal tissue).
Cells of this tissue have thin cell wall which is made up
of cellulose.
Cells of this tissue have cytoplasm with small nucleus
and large vacuole.
Cells are usually loosely packed so intercellular spaces
are present.
FUNCTION
This tissue provides support to the plant and help in
storage of food.
MODIFICATIONS OF PARENCHYMA

(a) Chlorenchyma (b) Aerenchyma

Chlorenchyma is the type of Parenchyma made up of rounded

cells which surrounds the large air
parenchyma in which
cavities.
chloroplasts (contains
chlorophylls) are found. They It is found in aquatic plants or
are present in mesophyll of hydrophytes.
leaves. FUNCTION

FUNCTION It provides buoyancy to the

aquatic plants to help them float.
Synthesis of food
(Photosynthesis).
 COLLENCHYMA

Cells of this tissue are living, flexible, elongated or

vary in structure. Cells of this tissue are irregularly
thickened at the corners due to the deposition of
pectin.Intercellular spaces are very little or absent
It is present below the epidermis of leaf stalk,
herbaceous dicot stem and at the margin of
leaves.

FUNCTIONS

It provides mechanical support (tensile strength)

and elasticity. It allows easy bending in various
parts of plant (leaf and stem) without breaking i.e.
it provides flexibility to plant.
 SCLERENCHYMA

Sclerenchyma cells are dead, narrow and long cells

which are devoid of protoplasm. The walls of cells
of sclerenchyma are greatly thickened with
deposition of lignin. Such cell walls are called
lignified. The cells of sclerenchyma are closely
packed without intercellular spaces. They are found
in stems, roots, veins of leaves (in vascular bundle),
hard coverings of seed and fruits.

FUNCTIONS

They form hypodermis of monocot stem. It is the

main mechanical tissue which provides mechanical
support. It makes the plant hard and stiff.
CLASSIFICATION OF SCLERENCHYMA

1. Sclerenchyma fibres: They 2. Sclereids (grit or stone cells):

constitute the major mechanical They are highly thickened and
tissue of the plants and are irregularly shaped dead cells.They
abundantly found in plants. are found in various parts of the
Commercial fibres obtained from plant such as cortex, pith and hard
seed coat. Sclereids provide strength
plants (e.g. jute, flax, hemp, husk
to seed covering and grittiness to the
of coconut) usually are
pulp of many fruits, such as guava,
sclerenchymatous fibres.
apple and pear.
COMPARISON BETWEEN PARENCHYMA, COLLENCHYMA AND
SCLERENCHYMA.
COMPLEX PERMANENT
TISSUE
COMPLEX PERMANENT
TISSUE

The complex tissues consist of more

than one type of cells.

All these cells coordinate to perform a

common function. Complex tissues
are of the following two types :

(i) Xylem or wood (ii) Phloem or bast

XYLEM
Xylem is made up of four types of cells Xylem fibre- These are dead and
lignified sclerenchymatous cells which
1. Tracheids 2. Vessels 3. Xylem fibres - Dead elements are mainly supportive in function.
Xylem parenchyma It is formed of living
4. Xylem parenchyma - Living element parenchymatous cells which helps in
storage of food and lateral conduction
Tracheids- Tracheids are elongated cells with tapering ends.
of water and minerals.
Since tracheids do not have open ends like the vessels, so
the water has to pass from cell to cell via the pits.

Vessels or tracheae- Very long tube like structures formed

by a row of cells placed end to end. The transverse walls
between the vessels are completely dissolved to form
continuous channels or water-pipes. Tracheids and vessels
help in long distance conduction ofnwater and minerals
vertically or upward from the root system to various parts
of plant. Tracheids and vessels provide mechanical support.
PHLOEM
Sieve tubes-Sieve tubes are slender, tube Phloem parenchyma These are living and
like structures composed of elongated cells, thin walled cells which helps in sideways
placed end to end. Their end walls are conduction of food. They store various
perforated by numerous pores and are called materials like resin, latex and mucilage. They
sieve plates. The nucleus of each sieve tube are absent in monocots.
degenerates at maturity, however cytoplasm
Phloem fibres- are dead sclerenchymatous
persists in the mature sieve tube. Thus,
cells. Phloem or bast fibres of some plants are
nuclei are absent in mature sieve tube source of commercial fibres e.g. Jute, Hemp,
elements. Flax.
Companion cells -These are associated Function of phloem- Phloem transport
with sieve tubes. These are smaller cells photosynthetically prepared food materials in
having dense cytoplasm and prominent both the directions from the leaves to the
nucleus. The companion cells help the sieve storage organs and latter from storage organs
tubes in the conduction of food material. to the growing regions of the plant body.
XYLEM V/S PHLOEM
EPIDERMIS
It is the outermost layer of all organs of plant body which is formed from
parenchymal cells. In epidermal cell outside walls are thicker than inner
wall. It is mostly single layered but in desert plant it is multi layered for
protection against water loss. It protects the internal tissue from
mechanical injuries and entry of germs.

Cuticle : The outer wall of epidermis of aerial parts of plant secretes and
deposits a waxy substance, called cutin which form a water proof layer
called cuticle.
 EPIDERMIS
It checks the loss of water by transpiration and
mechanical injuries and invasion of parasitic fungi.
Epidermis of leaves has large number of
microscopic aperture called stomata.

Stomata: Each stomata is an elliptical aperture

bounded by two kidney shaped guard cells which
regulate opening and closing of
stomata.Transpiration (loss of water in the form of
water vapours) takes place through stomata.
Stomata helps in exchange of gases.

Root hairs: Epidermis of roots (epiblema) have

root hairs which greatly increase their surface area
Root Hair
for absorption of water and minerals.
 CORK OR PHELLEM
Cork is the peripheral tissue of old stems and roots of
woody trees and is formed due to activity of cork
cambium or phellogen (secondary / lateral meristem).It
is made up of dead cells with thick wall but no
intercellular spaces. The walls of cork cells are heavily
thickened by the deposition of an organic substance (a
fatty substance), called suberin. Suberin makes these
cell impermeable to water and gases and it also helps in
conservation of water in the trees.sides, thus, forming
cork (phellem) on the outer side and the secondary
cortex or phelloderm on the inner side.

Commercial importance of cork- Cork is light and

highly compressible and cork is used in the making of a
variety of sports goods such as cricket balls, table tennis,
ANIMAL TISSUES
CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMAL TISSUES
EPITHELIUM - NATURE
It is the simplest tissue. It is the protective tissue of animal's
body. It covers most organs and cavities within the body. It also
forms a barrier to keep different body systems
separate.Epithelial cells are closely packed and have small
amount of cementing material, so there is very little inter-
cellular spaces present between the cells. Due to absence or
less intercellular spaces, blood vessels, lymph vessels and
capillaries are unable to pierce this tissue, so blood circulation is
absent in epithelium. Hence cells depend for their nutrients on
the underlying connective tissue. It always rest upon underlying
connective tissue. At the junction of the Epithelial tissue and
connective tissue a layer is present which is called basement
TYPES OF EPITHELIUM
(i) Squamous

Description: Flattened cells, extremely

thin.

Common locations: Blood vessel walls,

alveoli of lungs, Buccal cavity, skin,

Function: Diffusion
TYPES OF EPITHELIUM

(ii) Cuboidal

Description: cube like cells, may have

microvilli at its free surface

Common locations: lining of kidney tubules,

thyroid gland, ducts of salivary glands and
sweat gland. It forms germinal epithelium of
gonads (testes and ovaries)

Function: Secretion, absorption, mechanical

support and germ cells formation.
TYPES OF EPITHELIUM

(iii) Columnar (Pillar like)

Description: tall slender cells ; may have

microvilli at their free surface.

Common locations: Inner lining of small

intestine, stomach, colon and part of respiratory
tract lining. Border of microvilli present at free
surface end of each cell increases absorption
efficiency in small intestine.

Function: Secretion, absorption.

 TYPES OF EPITHELIUM

Ciliated epithelium

Description: It consists of cells that bear hair

like structures (cilia) on its external surfaces.
Cells in it may be cuboidal or columnar in shape.
Cilia helps in the movement of substances.

Common location: It is found in kidney

tubules, trachea, oviduct, etc.

Functions: It helps in movement of substances.

TYPES OF EPITHELIUM

Glandular epithelium
Description: Tall, slender cells, some
cells from the free surface invaginate
inside to form secretory cells – goblet
cells.
Common location: Lining of intestine &
glands
Function: Secretion of mucus and other
secretions.
CONNECTIVE TISSUES
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
The cells of connective tissue are loosely
spaced and embedded into a non cellular
matrix. The matrix may be solid (as in
bone), soft (as in loose connective tissue), or
liquid (as in blood).

On the basis of nature of matrix, connective

tissue are:-

(1) Connective tissue proper

(2) Fluid / vascular connective tissue

(3) Skeletal connective tissue

 CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER
(i) Loose connective tissue or Areolar
connective tissue

Loose connective tissue is a mass of widely

scattered cells whose matrix is a loose weave
of fibres. Many of the fibres are strong protein
fibres called collagen. Loose connective tissue
is found beneath the skin and between organs.
It is a binding and packing material whose
main purpose is to provide support to hold
other tissue and organs in place.It is found
between the skin and muscles, around blood
vessels, nerves and in bone marrow.
FUNCTIONS OF AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE

(i) It helps to hold various tissues together in any organ.

(ii) It helps in the repair of body tissues after any injury.
(iii) Histocytes (amoeboid cells) of this tissue engulf foreign
particles and protect against diseases. These are also known as
macrophages.
(iv) Mast cells in the tissue are concerned with allergic and
inflammatory reactions.
(v) It binds skin with the underlying tissues.
 ADIPOSE TISSUE
It consists of adipose cells (Adipocytes)
filled with fat globules in loose connective
tissue. Each adipose cell stores a large
droplet of fat which is used to provide
energy. Adipose tissue pads and insulates
the animal body.

Location: It is found in the subcutaneous

layer below the skin, around the heart,brain
and below the eye balls, blubber of whales
& elephants, hump of camel, etc. It is a
prominent component of skin of mammals
living in polar regions.
FUNCTIONS OF ADIPOSE TISSUE

(i) It acts as insulator and prevents loss of heat from the

body.
(ii) It helps in the storage of food in the form of fats.
(iii) It provides body contours (shapes).
(iv) It forms cushion like shock-absorbing structures
below the vital organs such as heart, kidney, eye balls
etc.
FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUES
(a) White fibrous connective tissue
The matrix of this tissue contains
abundant white fibres forming layers
or bundles making it inelastic. The
white fibres are made up of collagen
protein.Sheets of this tissue are found
in the coverings of the bones,
cartilages, kidneys etc.Bundles of this
tissue called tendons, attach muscles
to the bones.
FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUES

(b) Yellow fibrous connective

tissue
This tissue is very elastic due to the
presence of a network of very elastic
yellow fibres in its matrix. The yellow
fibres are made up of elastin protein.
Sheets of this tissue are found in
covering of the blood vessels. Bundles
of this tissue are called ligaments that
attach the bones to each other at the
FLUID / VASCULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUES

It is a special type of connective tissue which maintains link

among different parts of the body.
It receives materials from certain parts of the body and
transports them to the other parts.
It constitutes the transport system of animals.
It consists of two basic components – blood and lymph.
BLOOD

Blood is composed of blood cells present in liquid matrix called

plasma.Blood is approximately 55 percent of plasma and 45 percent
blood corpuscles.Plasma contains water, salts, sugars, lipids and
amino acids.
Blood corpuscles are of 3 types:
(A) Red blood cells or Erythrocytes.
(B) White blood cells or leucocytes
(C) Platelets or thrombocytes (These are spindle-shaped non-
nucleated cells numbering 200, 000 to 300,000 per mm3 of blood.
They help in the clotting of blood).
BLOOD

(A) RBC’s or Erythrocytes

These are the most abundant corpuscles out of all the
types and are about 5 million in one mm3 of blood. They
are biconcave, nonnucleated, disc-like in mammals,
whereas oval, biconvex and nucleated in fishes,
amphibians, reptiles and birds. They contain red-coloured
respiratory pigment called haemoglobin that helps in the
transportation of respiratory gases.
BLOOD

(B) WBC’s or Leucocytes

These are irregular, amoeboid, phagocytic cells with one
to many lobed nucleus. These cells protect the body
against diseases by engulfing bacteria and other foreign
particles (phagocytosis) and are hence called
‘soldiers of the body’. They also provide resistance
against diseases by producing proteinaceous
substances called antibodies. Their number is about
6000-8000 per mm3 of blood. They are of five types :
TYPES OF LEUCOCYTES

Granulocytes
In their cytoplasm granules are present which can be
stained by specific dye.Nucleus is multilobed and lobes
are interconnected by protoplasmic strand.Produced in
Bone marrow –
They are (i) Acidophils, (ii) Basophils (iii) Neutrophils
GRANULOCYTES

(i) Acidophils/Eosinophils
Amoeboid in shape.
In their cytoplasm acidophilic
granules are present which can be
stained by acidic dye Eosin.
Nucleus is bilobed.
They protect body against allergy &
parasitic infection.
GRANULOCYTES
(ii) Basophils

Amoeboid in shape.

Smallest granulocytes.

In their cytoplasm basophilic granules are

present which can be stained with basic dye
methylene blue.

Nucleus is 3 lobed. 'S' shaped.

Their main function is to secrete heparin,

histamine & serotonin.
GRANULOCYTES

(iii) Neutrophils

Maximum in number.Amoeboidal in shape. In

their cytoplasm granules can be stained by any
dye (acidic, neutral, basic). Nucleus is multilobed.
They can squeeze & comes out from the wall of
blood capillaries in tissue. This phenomenon is
called Diapedesis. Phagocytic in nature. Destroy
bacteria & viruses by phagocytosis. Due to their
smaller size & phagocytic nature they are called
Micropolice man.
TYPES OF LEUCOCYTES

(2) Agranulocytes
Cytoplasm is clear & granular.
Produced in bone marrow.
They are of 2 types (i) Monocytes (ii) Lymphocytes
AGRANULOCYTES

(i) Monocytes
Largest Blood Corpuscles. Nucleus
kidney shaped/bean shaped.Power of
diapedesis is present. Active motile WBC.
Phagocytic in nature. Destroy bacteria &
viruses by phagocytosis so called
Macropoliceman. Also called scavanger
of blood because they engulf damaged
or dead & minute bits of blood
corpuscles.
 AGRANULOCYTES

(ii) Lymphocytes

Amoeboid shape. Life span in blood - 5 - 7 days or less

than 10 days but in connective tissue it may be
month/year/whole life.

Lymphocytes are of two types.

A. T – LYMPHOCYTES

Produced in bone marrow but mature in thymus gland.

B. B – LYMPHOCYTES

Produced in bone marrow and mature in bone marrow.

Its function is to produce, synthesize & transport
antibodies.
COMPONENTS OF BLOOD
FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD
(i) It transports nutrients, hormones and vitamins to the tissues and
carries excretory products from the tissues to the excretory organs.

(ii) The RBC's of blood helps in the transport of respiratory gases,

(oxygen & CO2).

(iii) The WBCs fight with diseases by producing antibodies and

engulfing the germs (antigens).

(iv) Blood platelets help in the clotting of blood.

(v) Blood helps in thermoregulation, water balance and maintenance

of pH of body.
LYMPH

Lymph is actually filtered blood

which is similar to blood in
composition except that it is
devoid of RBC, platelets and some
blood protein. WBC are present in
abundance in lymph. Due to the
absence of RBC(haemoglobin),
lymph is colourless.
FUNCTIONS OF LYMPH
(i) It acts as a "middle man" for exchange of various material
between blood and tissue.
(ii) Helps in the transportation of fat absorbed from intestine to
the venous blood.
(iii) Keeps the tissues and organs of the body moist.
(iv) Lymphatic organs (lymph nodes, spleen) produce
lymphocytes which in turn produce antibodies to strengthen the
immune system of the body.
SKELETAL CONNECTIVE TISSUES

Bone- It is a rigid connective tissue that has

a matrix of collagen fibres embedded in
calcium and phosphorous compounds, giving
it greater rigidity and strength. It is the
hardest connective tissue that forms the
skeleton of vertebrates. Bone is surrounded
by a thick sheath called periosteum. Like
other connective tissues it is also made of
matrix and cells. The matrix of bone is very
hard because of the presence of salts such
as calcium phosphate( maximum
 BONE
The long bones are usually hollow containing a cavity
called marrow cavity. It is full of bone marrow. In the
solid matrix are present longitudinal canals called
haversian canals, which are interconnected by
transverse Volkmann’s canal. The matrix is present in
the form of layers called lamellae. These lamellae are
present in the form of concentric rings around the
marrow cavity and around the canals. In these
lamellae are present spaces called lacunae. The
lacunae have fine channels called canaliculi. The
lacunae contain bone forming cells osteocytes.
Another type of bone-forming cells called osteoblasts
are present in the form of two layers, one outer and
the other inner to matrix. Growth of bone is
FUNCTIONS OF BONE
(i) It provides support for muscle attachment.
(ii) It protects the internal organs from mechanical injury.
(iii) It serves as a reservoir for calcium.
➢ Immature bone cells (Osteoblast), mature bone cells
(Osteocytes), Immature cartilage cells (Chondroblast), mature
cartilage cells (Chondrocytes). Bone destroying cells
(Osteoclast), cartilage destroying cells (chondroclast)
CARTILAGE

It is a connective tissue with an abundant

number of collagen fibres in a rubbery
matrix. The matrix is made up of proteins
and sugars. It is both strong and flexible but
softer than bone. It forms the embryonic
skeleton of vertebrates and the adult
skeleton of sharks and rays. It also occurs in
the human body in the ear pinna, tip of the
nose, trachea, larynx and surrounding ends
of joints such as knees.
MUSCULAR TISSUE
MUSCULAR TISSUE

Muscular tissue is distinguished

from other tissues by its unique
ability to contract & relax and
thereby perform mechanical
work. It is responsible for
movement of body organs and
locomotion of body.
GENERAL STRUCTURE OF MUSCULAR TISSUE
The structural unit of muscle tissue is
the muscle cells which because of its
elongated shape is also called muscle
fibre.
The contractility is due to the presence
of contractile proteins (Actin & Myosin)
in the muscle fibre.
The plasma membrane of muscle cells is
called sarcolemma and endoplasmic
reticulum of muscle cell is called
GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF MUSCULAR TISSUE

(i) It supports the bones and other organs of the body.

(ii) Muscles help in peristalsis of gut, heart beat, etc.
(iii) Muscles cause movements of body parts and locomotion
of the animals.
(iv) Facial expression also depends on muscles.
(v) Contraction of muscles causes birth of a baby.
Types of Muscle
tissue
TYPES OF MUSCULAR TISSUE
NERVOUS TISSUE

The nervous tissue, contains densely

packed cells called nerve cells or
neurons, is present in the brain,
spinal cord and nerves. The neurons
are specialised for conduction of
nerve impulses. They receive stimuli
from within or outside the body and
conduct impulses (signals) which
travel from one neuron to another
neuron.
STRUCTURE OF NEURON
Each neuron has following 2 parts :

(i) Cyton or cell body:

Contains a central nucleus and cytoplasm with characteristic deeply

stained particles called Nissl's granules (i.e. clumps of ribosomes and
rough endoplasmic reticulum).

(ii) Cell Processes

(a) Dendrites

(b) Axon
STRUCTURE OF NEURON

(ii) Cell Processes

(a) Dendrites: These may be one to many, generally short and branched
cytoplasmic processes. Dendrites are afferent processes because they
receive impulse from receptor or other neuron and bring it to cyton.

(b) Axon: It is single generally long efferent process which conducts

impulse away from cyton to other neuron. Longest cell in body is neuron
because axon can be more than one metre long. Axon has uniform
thickness, but it has terminal thin branches called telodendria. Terminal
end buttons or synaptic knobs occur at the end of telodendria.
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