UNIT 2.
CELLS
TOPIC 2.1 AND 2.2
A Tour of the Cell
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING
SYI-1 Living systems are organized in a hierarchy of structural
levels that interact.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
SYI-1.D Describe the structure and/ or function of subcellular
components and organelles.
SYI-1.E Explain how subcellular components and organelles
contribute to the function of the cell.
SCIENCE SKILL
Concept Explanation 1.A.
Describe biological concepts and/or processes.
Argumentation 6.A
Make a scientific claim.
CH. 4 WARM-UP
1. At minimum, what structures or
components must a cell contain to be
alive?
2. What are the differences between plant
and animal cells?
3. In biology, “Structure dictates function”.
Think of a type of cell in your body. In what
way is its structure related to its function?
Explain.
WARM-UP
1. Contrast prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic
cells.
2. List and describe the contents
inside of the nucleus of a
eukaryotic cell.
3. Describe the structure of the
nuclear envelope.
WARM-UP
1. List 3 differences between plant and
animal cells.
2. An antibody (a protein molecule) is
produced and released by a plasma cell.
List the pathway that this protein takes
in the cell from it’s production until it is
released to the outside of the cell. (Hint:
The antibody travels through the
endomembrane system.)
3. What would happen to a cell if it did not
have fully functional lysosomes?
YOU MUST KNOW
Three differences between prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells.
The structure and function of organelles
common to plant and animal cells.
The structure and function of organelles found
only in plant cells or only in animal cells.
How different cell types show differences in
subcellular components.
How internal membranes and organelles
contribute to cell functions.
How cell size and shape affect the overall rate
of nutrient intake and waste elimination.
2 TYPES OF CELLS:
1. Prokaryotes: Domain Bacteria &
Archaea
2. Eukaryotes (Domain Eukarya):
Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals
A PROKARYOTIC CELL (BACTERIA)
PROKARYOTE VS.
EUKARYOTE
“before” “kernel” “true” “kernel”
No nucleus Has nucleus and
DNA in a nucleoid nuclear envelope
Cytosol
Cytosol
Membrane-bound
No organelles other
organelles with
than ribosomes specialized
Small size
structure/function
Primitive Much larger in size
i.e. Bacteria & More complex
Archaea
The nucleoid (meaning nucleus-like) is an irregularly i.e. plant/animal cell
shaped region within the prokaryotic cell that contains
all or most of the genetic material.
NUCLEUS
Function: control center of cell
Contains DNA (& mRNA)
Surrounded by double membrane (nuclear
envelope)
Continuous with the rough ER
Nuclear pores: control what enters/leaves
nucleus
Chromatin: complex of DNA + proteins; makes
up chromosomes
Nucleolus: region where ribosomal subunits
(rRNA + proteins) are formed
RIBOSOMES
Function: protein synthesis
Composed of rRNA + protein
Large subunit + small subunit
Types:
1. Free ribosomes: float in cytosol, produce
proteins used within cell
2. Bound ribosomes: attached to ER, make
proteins for export from cell
ENDOMEMBRANE
SYSTEM:
Regulates protein traffic &
performs metabolic functions
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
Network of membranes and sacs
Types:
1. Rough ER: ribosomes on surface
Function: package proteins for secretion,
send transport vesicles to Golgi.
2. Smooth ER: no ribosomes on surface
Function: synthesize lipids, metabolize
carbs, detox drugs & poisons, store Ca2+
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
(ER)
GOLGI APPARATUS
Function: synthesis & packaging of materials (small
molecules) for transport (in vesicles); produce
lysosomes
Series of flattened membrane sacs (cisternae)
Cis face: receives vesicles
Trans face: ships vesicles
LYSOSOMES
Function: intracellular digestion; recycle cell’s
materials.
Contains hydrolytic enzymes
Immune system - It destroys viruses and bacteria
that attack the cell.
Suicide Bags - When a cell becomes old or is
damaged, lysosomes burst and enzymes digest
their own cells.
It destroys worn-out cellular organelles and
organic debris
https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=m35jZGyEDhI
VACUOLES
Function: storage of materials (food, water,
minerals, pigments, poisons)
Membrane-bound vesicles
Eg. food vacuoles, contractile vacuoles
Plants: large central vacuole -- stores water,
and ions; retains water for turgor pressure
( Pressure exerted by fluid in a cell that
presses the cell membrane against the cell
wall).
Parts of plant & animal cell p 108-109
MITOCHONDRIA
Function: site of cellular respiration
Double membrane: outer and inner membrane
Cristae: folds of inner membrane; contains
enzymes for ATP production; increased surface
area to ATP made
Matrix: fluid-filled inner compartment
CHLOROPLASTS
Function: site of photosynthesis
Double membrane
Thylakoid disks in stacks (grana); stroma
(fluid)
Contains chlorophylls (pigments) for
capturing sunlight energy
ENDOSYMBIONT THEORY
Mitochondria & chloroplasts
share similar origin
Prokaryotic cells engulfed
by ancestors of eukaryotic
cells
Evidence:
Double-membrane
structure
Have own ribosomes &
DNA
Reproduce
independently within cell
PEROXISOMES
Functions: break down fatty acids; detox
alcohol
Involves the production of hydrogen peroxide
(H2O2)
Peroxisomes are small, membrane-enclosed organelles
that contain enzymes involved in a variety of metabolic
reactions, including several aspects of energy metabolism .
CYTOSKELETON: NETWORK OF PROTEIN
FIBERS
Function: support, motility, regulate
biochemical activities
PLANT CELLS
Cell wall: protect plant,
maintain shape
Composed of
cellulose
Plasmodesmata:
channels between cells
to allow passage of
molecules from cell to
cell
EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
(ECM)
Outside plasma membrane of animal cells
Composed of glycoproteins (ex. collagen)
Function: Strengthens tissues and transmits external
signals to cell
INTERCELLULAR JUNCTIONS
(ANIMAL CELLS)
Tight junctions: 2
cells are fused to form
watertight seal
Desmosomes: “rivet
s” that fasten adjacent
cells into strong sheets
Gap junctions:
channels through
which ions, sugar,
small molecules can
pass
Plant Cells Only Animals Cells Only
Central vacuoles Lysosomes
Chloroplasts Centrioles
Cell wall of cellulose Flagella, cilia
Desmosomes, tight
Plasmodesmata
and gap junctions
Extracellular matrix
(ECM)
HARVARD CELL VIDEO
https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=QplXd76lAYQ
