Fluid Machine

Neeraj Adhikari

“The Power of water has changed more in this world than emperors or kings” Leonardo
da Vinci
 COURSE OBJECTIVE:

This course is designed to give ideas about fluid-force and power. It covers
general introductory part of hydropower plant. Most of the parts deal with
water-turbine, water-pumps, steam-turbine and hydraulic machine
1. Introduction of Turbomachine and Dynamic Action of Fluid (10
hours)
1.1 Turbomachines
1.2 Hydraulic Machines
1.3 History of Development of Water Wheels and Water Turbine
1.4 Dynamic Force and Power
1.5 Linear Momentum and Impulse Equations
1.6 Application of Linear Momentum Principle
1.7 Dynamic Force Exerted by Fluid Jet;
1.8 Stationary and moving plates, flat and curved surfaces
1.9 Jet Propulsion Principle; Boat and ship propulsion
2. Hydroelectric Plant (4 hours)
2.1 Essential Components and Features
2.2 Classification of Hydroelectric plants
2.3 Existing Hydroelectric plants
3. Water Turbine (14 hours)
3.1 Types of turbines: Pelton, Francis, Kaplan, Cross Flow
3.2 Working Principles
3.3 Components and Their Functions, Specific speed, Design, Efficiency
3.4 Characteristics and application
3.5 Governor Principle, Types, Qualities, Control
3.6 Oil pressure governor:: Components, Working Principle
4. Pump (8 hours)
4.1 Centrifugal and Reciprocating Types
4.2 Theory of the Centrifugal Pump, Specific Speed, Pump Head
4.3 Pump Characteristics, Energy loss, Cavitation, Efficiency, Effect of
Viscosity, Series and parallel combination
4.4 Selection of Pumps
5. Steam turbine and Hydraulic machine (9 hours)
5.1 Steam Nozzles and Types
5.2 Flow of Steam Through Nozzles;
5.3 Steady flow energy equation, Momentum equation
5.4 Principle of Operation of Steam Turbines
5.5 Types of Steam Turbine and Applications
5.6 Impulse and Reaction Turbine: Components and Their Functions,
Working Principles, Efficiency
5.7 Hydraulic machine Types, Working Principle: Hydraulic Ram, Hydraulic
lift, Hydraulic torque converter
 Fluid Machine
Fluid machine is a device which converts the energy stored by a fluid into
mechanical energy or vice versa
The energy stored by a fluid mass appears in the form of potential, kinetic
and intermolecular energy.
The mechanical energy, on the other hand, is usually transmitted by a
rotating shaft
 Classification of Fluid Machines
Classification based on Direction of Energy Conversion
The device in which the kinetic, potential or intermolecular energy held by
the fluid is converted in the form of mechanical energy of a rotating member
is known as a turbine

The machines, on the other hand, where the mechanical energy from
moving parts is transferred to a fluid to increase its stored energy by
increasing either its pressure or velocity are known as pumps,
compressors, fans or blowers
 Classification Based on Principle of Operation
The machines whose functioning depend essentially on the change of
volume of a certain amount of fluid within the machine are known as positive
displacement machines

The machines, functioning of which depend basically on the principle of fluid

dynamics, are known as rotodynamic machines
 Classification Based on Direction of Flow
When the path of the through-flow is wholly or mainly parallel to the axis of
rotation, the device is termed as axial flow turbomachine
When the path of the through-flow is wholly or mainly in a plane
perpendicular to the rotation axis, the device is termed a radial flow
turbomachine
When the path of the through-flow is wholly or mainly in tangential to the
rotation axis, the device is termed a tangential flow turbomachine
 Classification Based on Fluid Used
Liquid used by the turbines producing power is water, and therefore, they
are termed as water turbines or hydraulic turbines
Turbines handling gases in practical fields are usually referred to as steam
turbine, gas turbine, and air turbine

The machine transferring mechanical energy of rotor to the energy of fluid is

termed as a pump when it uses liquid, and is termed as a compressor or a
fan or a blower, when it uses gas
 Rotodynamic Machines
In general, is a rotor consisting of a number of vanes or blades. There always
exists a relative motion between the rotor vanes and the fluid. The fluid has a
component of velocity and hence of momentum in a direction tangential to the
rotor. While flowing through the rotor, tangential velocity changes and hence
the momentum changes.
The rate at which this tangential momentum changes corresponds to a
tangential force on the rotor
In a turbine, the tangential momentum of the fluid is reduced and therefore
work is done by the fluid to the moving rotor
But in case of pumps and compressors there is an increase in the tangential
momentum of the fluid and therefore work is absorbed by the fluid from the
moving rotor
Momentum Equation

This equation is modified form of Newton's second law of motion

Newton's second law of motion states that the resultant external force acting
on any body in any direction is equal to the rate of change of momentum of
the body in that direction.
It is expressed as

In which Fx represents resultant force in x-direction and Mx represents the

change of momentum in x-direction
It can also be written as

is impulse and the term is the resultant change of momentum.

It can also be stated as “The impulse of a force F acting on a fluid

mass ‘m’ in a short interval of time dt is equal to the change of
momentum d(mv) in the direction of force”
Application of Momentum equation
The momentum equation, together with the energy equation and the
continuity equation provides the basic mathematical relationships for solving
various engineering problems in fluid mechanics.
To determine the resultant force acting on the boundary of flow passage
Pipe Bends/ elbows
Reducers
Stationary and moving vanes
Jet Propulsion
To determine the characteristic of flow when there is abrupt change of flow
section
Sudden Enlargement in pipe
Hydraulic Jump in channel
Force on a stationary blade or vane

Force exerted by jet on stationary vertical plate

Mass of fluid striking per second =
Force exerted by jet = mass of fluid striking per sec * change in velocity

=
=
Force exerted by jet on stationary inclined plate

Mass of fluid striking per second =

Force exerted by jet in normal direction = mass of fluid striking per sec *
change in velocity

.
=

=
Force exerted by jet on stationary curved plate at the center

Fluid of density ρ moving with velocity V and area ‘a’ be striking a stationary
curved plate.
Mass of fluid striking jet per second = ρaV
Force exerted by jet = mass of fluid striking per sec * change in velocity

Fx = ρaV(V-(-Vcosθ))
= ρaV2 (1+cosθ)
Force exerted by jet from one end on stationary unsymmetrical curved plate

Fluid of density ρ moving with velocity V and area ‘a’ be

striking a stationary curved plate.
Mass of fluid striking jet per second = ρaV
Force exerted by jet = mass of fluid striking per sec *
change in velocity

Fx = m (V1x-V2x)
= ρaV (Vcosθ + Vcosθ)
= 2ρaV2 cosθ
Force exerted by jet from one end on stationary unsymmetrical curved
plate

Fluid of density ρ moving with velocity V and area ‘a’ be striking a stationary
curved plate.
Mass of fluid striking jet per second = ρaV
Force exerted by jet = mass of fluid striking per sec * change in velocity

Fx = m (V1x-V2x)
= ρaV (Vcosθ + VcosФ)
= ρaV2 (cosθ +cosФ)

Fy = ρaV(Vsinθ -VsinФ)
= ρaV2 (sinθ -sinФ)
Force exerted by a jet on a Hinged Plate
i) Force due to jet of water, normal to plate

ii) Weight W of plate acting vertically downwards

at centre of gravity G of the plate
Under equilibrium conditions, the moment of
these forces about the hinge point must be zero.
Force on a moving blade or vane

Force on flat vertical plate moving in direction of jet

Fluid of density ρ moving with velocity V be striking a
vertical plate moving in the same direction with u velocity.
Relative velocity of jet = V-u
Mass of fluid striking jet per second = ρa(V-u)
Force exerted by jet = mass of fluid striking per sec *
change in velocity
Fx = ρa(V-u)*(V-u – 0)
= ρa(V-u)2
Work done by jet on plate,
= Fxu = ρau (V-u)2
Force exerted on a moving plate held inclined to the direction of jet

Component of force on the direction of the jet

Force exerted on a curved plate when the plate is moving in the direction
of jet
When the jet strikes the moving vane, the relative velocity is (V-u)
Exit velocity = -(V-u)
Force exerted by the jet on the vane

Work done =
Kinetic energy of issuing jet =

For a given jet velocity efficiency will

be maximum when
For series of vanes
In this case the entire fluid is utilized
The mass of fluid striking the vanes per second equals

Work done

Efficiency
For maximum efficiency
Force exerted on a series of flat vanes
A square plate weighing 115N and of regular thickness and 30 cm edge is
hung so that a horizontal jet 2 cm diameter and having a velocity of 15 m/s
impinges on the plate. The centre line of the jet is 15 cm below the upper
edge of the plate, and when the plate is vertical the jet strikes the plate
normally and at its centre. Find what force must be applied at the lower edge
of the plate in order to keep the plate vertical.
If the plate is allowed to swing freely, find the inclination to the vertical which
the plate will assume under the action of jet.
(35.325 N, 37.9o)
Jet striking a moving curved vane tangentially at one tip and leaving at
the other
= absolute velocities of jet at inlet and
outlet
= peripheral velocities of the vane
= Relative velocity
= Velocity of flow
= Velocities of whirl
= Tips angle
= Angles which the absolute velocities
make at the inlet and outlet
If there is no friction in the flow passage,
magnitude of outgoing relative velocity is
equal to that of incoming relative velocity,
i.e.
The equation is true only when is an acute angle, when ,

If is an obtuse angle

In general it is written as

Work done per second by the jet on the vane

Force exerted on a series of
curved vanes
The change in the magnitude of the
axial velocity component though the
rotor gives rise to axial force which
must be taken by a thrust bearing
Change in magnitude of radial
velocity component is carried as a
journal load. Neither has any effect
on the angular motion of the rotor
The change in magnitude and radius
of the tangential component
corresponds to a change in angular
momentum
angular speed of the wheel
Radii of the wheel at the inlet and outlet of vane respectively

Mass of water striking per sec =

Momentum of water striking the vanes in the tangential direction per sec at inlet

Momentum of water striking the vanes in the tangential direction per sec at outlet

Angular momentum per sec at inlet =

Angular momentum per sec at outlet =
Torque exerted by the water on the wheel = Rate of change of angular momentum
Work done per second on the wheel
= Torque x Angular velocity

If the angle is obtuse then work done per second on the wheel

Therefore the general expression for work done per sec on the wheel

Efficiency of radial curved vane

A jet of water moving at 12 m/s impinges on a concave-shaped vane to
deflect the jet through 120O when stationary. If the vane is moving at 5 m/s,
find the angle of the jet so that there is no shock at inlet. Also compute the
absolute velocity of the jet at exit both in magnitude and direction, and the
work done per second per kg of water. Assume that the vane is smooth and
symmetrical.

Use sine law for inlet triangle and find

For smooth vane, there is no friction and the
relative velocity remains constant

Workdone =64.16 Nm
A wheel consists of radial blades with inner and outer radii of 30 cm and 60
cm respectively. Water enters the blade at the outer periphery with a velocity
of 50 m/s and the supply jet makes an angle of 25o with tangent to wheel at
inlet tip. Water leaving the blade has a flow velocity of 10 m/s. If the blade
angles at entrance and exit are 40o and 30o respectively, make calculations
for the,
(i) Work done per kg of water
(ii) Speed of the wheel
(iii) Efficiency of blading
Jet Propulsion of ship
When the inlet orifices are at right angles to the direction of motion of ship
Propulsive force exerted on the ship
F=mass of water issuing per sec x Change of velocity
=
Work done per second
=
Kinetic energy supplied by the jet

For a given velocity V, condition

for maximum efficiency ??
When the inlet orifices face the direction of motion of the ship

In this case the expression of the propelling force and the work done per
second will be same as in the pervious case
On this case, KE supplied by jet is different
KE= 1/2ρa.(V+u).{(V+u)²-u²}
So, the efficiency is calculated as,
η= 2u/(V+2u)
For a given velocity V, condition
for maximum efficiency ??
Jet propulsion
Jet propulsion means the propulsion or movement of the bodies such as
ships, aircrafts, rocket etc. with the help of jet
The reaction of the jet coming out of from the orifice provided in the bodies
is used for movement.
IF the body in which orifice or nozzle is fitted, is free to move, the body will
start moving in the direction opposite to the jet.
Jet Propulsion of a tank
Mass of water coming out of the tank from orifice, m = ρav
Force acting on water = rate of change of momentum,
F= ρav (v-0) = ρav²
When tank starts moving, v→vᵣ (vel. Of jet wrt tank)
vᵣ= v-(-u)=v+u
Mass of water coming out of the tank from orifice,
m = ρa(v+u)
Force exerted on tank = rate of change of momentum,
F= ρa (v+u) {(v+u)-u)} = ρav (v+u)
Work done on moving tank by jet per second,
P= Fu = ρavu (v+u)
Efficiency of movement= Work done per sec /KE of jet per sec

η= {ρavu (v+u)}/{1/2ρa.(v+u).(v+u)²}

η= 2vu/(v+u)²
For the cart in fig, compute the force on the wheels caused by deflecting the
jet and the compression of the spring, if its stiffness is 1.6 kN/m.

Fy = 355 N
Fx = 147 N
x = 92 mm