Water consumption
Water consumption (Qwc) is the quantity directly utilized by the
consumers. This generates variable flows in the distribution network
caused by many factors: users’ needs, climate, source capacity etc.
Water leakage
Water leakage (Qwl) is the amount of water physically lost from the
system. The generated flow rate is in this case more or less constant
and depends on overall conditions in the system.
Water demand
In theory, the term water demand (Qd) coincides with
water consumption. In practice, however, the
demand is often monitored at supply points where
the measurements include leakage, as well as the
quantities used to refill the balancing tanks that may
exist in the system.
It is commonly agreed that Qd =Qwc +Qwl.
Furthermore, when supply is calculated without
having an interim water storage, i.e. water goes
directly to the distribution network: Qwd =Qd,
otherwise: Qwd =Qwp.
Water demand is commonly expressed in cubic
meters per hour (m3/h) or per second (m3/s), litres
per second (l/s), mega litres per day (Ml/d).
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Average Water demand
Average water demand or average demand is the mean quantity of
water directly utilized by the Consumers of a community in one
year. The mean value derived from annual demand
records represents the average demand of over all
community or population.
Specific Water demand
Specific water demand or specific demand is the
mean quantity of water consumed by an
individual (consumer).
When average water demand divided by the number
of consumers, the average demand becomes the
specific demand (unit consumption per capita).
Average Annual Demand (AAD): The total volume of
water delivered to the system in a full year expressed
in litres. When demand fluctuates up and down over
several years, an average is used.
Average Daily Demand (ADD) - The total volume
of water delivered to the system over a year divided
by 365 days. The average use in a single day
expressed in Litres per day.
Maximum Month Demand (MMD) - The litres per
day average during the month with the highest water
demand. The highest monthly usage typically occurs
during a summer month.
Peak Weekly Demand (PWD) - The greatest 7-
day average demand that occurs in a year
expressed in litres per day.
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Maximum Day Demand (MDD) - The largest volume
of water delivered to the system in a single day
expressed in litres per day. The water supply,
treatment plant and transmission lines should be
designed to handle the maximum day demand.
Peak Hourly Demand (PHD) - The maximum volume
of water delivered to the system in a single hour
expressed in litres per day.
Distribution systems should be designed to
adequately handle the peak hourly demand or
maximum day demand plus fire flows, whichever is
greater.
During peak hourly flows, storage reservoirs
supply the demand in excess of the maximum
day demand
Peak Water Use Estimation
Consumption rate for max day = 180% of the annual average daily consumption
Consumption rate for max week = 148% of the annual average daily consumption
Consumption rate for max month = 128% of the annual average daily consumption
Consumption rate for max hour = 270% of the annual average daily consumption
or150% of the max day
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Peak Water Use
Estimation
Goodrich formula
Peak Water Use
EstimationGoodrich formula
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Peak Water Use
Estimation
Water Consumption
Categories
Numerous factors affecting the demand are
determined from the answers to three basic
questions:
1. For which purpose is the water used? The
demand is affected by a number of consumption
categories: domestic,
industrial, tourism etc.
2 Who is the user? Water use within the same
category may vary due to different cultures,
education, age, climate, religion, technological
process etc
3How valuable is the water? The water may be used
under circumstances that restrict the demand: scarce
source (quantity/quality), bad access (no direct connection,
fetching from a distance), low income of consumers etc.
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Water Consumption
Categories
Domestic consumption:
Domestic water consumption is intended for toilet
flushing, bathing and showering, laundry,
dishwashing and other less water intensive or
less frequent purposes: cooking, drinking,
gardening, car washing, etc.
In urban areas where supply with individual tanks
takes place, the amounts of water available
commonly vary between 50–100 l/c/d.
Water Consumption
Categories
Non-Domestic consumption:
Non-domestic or commercial water use occurs in
industry, agriculture, institutions and offices,
tourism, etc. Each of these categories has its
specific water requirements.
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Water Consumption
Categories
Industry:
Water in industry can be used for various
purposes: as a part of the final product, for the
maintenance of manufacturing processes
(cleaning, flushing, sterilization, conveying,
cooling, etc) and for the personal needs (usually
comparatively marginal).
The total quantities will largely depend on the
type of industry and technological process. They
are commonly expressed in litres per unit of
product or raw material.
Water Consumption
Categories
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Water Consumption
Categories
Agricultural:
Water consumption in agriculture is mainly
determined by irrigation and livestock needs. In
peri-urban or developed rural areas, this demand
may also be supplied from the local distribution
system.
The amounts required for irrigation purposes
depend on the plant sort, stage of growth, type of
irrigation, soil characteristics, climatic
conditions, etc. These quantities can be assessed
either from records or by simple measurements.
Water Consumption
Categories
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Water Consumption
Categories
Institutions:
Commercial consumption in restaurants, shops,
schools and other institutions can be assessed as
a total supply divided by the number of
consumers (employees, pupils, patients, etc.).
Accurate figures should be available from local
records at water supply companies.
Water Consumption
Categories
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Water Consumption
Categories
Tourism:
Tourist and recreational activities may also
have a considerable impact on water
demand.
The quantities per person (or per bed) per
day vary enormously depending on the type
and category of accommodation; in luxury
hotels, for instance, this demand can go up
to 600 l/c/d.
Water Consumption
Categories
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Water Consumption
Categories
Fire Demand:
Besides the fluctuations in demand that occur
under normal operating conditions, water-
distribution systems are usually designed to
accommodate the large (short- term) water
demands associated with fighting fires.
Numerous methods have been proposed for
estimating fire flows (American water works
association AWWA 1992), the most popular of
which was proposed by the Insurance Services
Office, Inc. (ISO, 1980).
Water Consumption
Categories
Fire Demand:
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Water Consumption
Categories
Fire Demand:
Water Consumption
Categories
Fire Demand:
Fire Demand- National Board of Fire Underwriters’ Formula
• When population is more than 200,000, then in addition to a
provision of 45420 litres per minute as required for a population
of 2 lakhs, a provision of 7570 to 30280 litres per minute may
be made for a second fire.
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Water Consumption
Categories
Insurance Services Office Formula (ISO,
1980):
Water Consumption
Categories
Insurance Services Office Formula (ISO,
1980):
Maximum and Minimum Value of C:
The value of C shall not exceed
8,000 gpm (32000L/min) for Construction Class 1 and 2
6,000 gpm (24000L/min) for Construction Class 3, 4,
5, and 6 6,000 gpm (24000L/min) for a 1-story
building of any class of construction
The value of C shall not be less than 500 gpm
(2000L/min). ISO rounds the calculated value of C
to the nearest 250 gpm (1000L/min).
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Water Consumption
Categories
Insurance Services Office Formula (ISO,
1980):
Needed Fire Flow (NFF)
For 1- and 2-family dwellings not exceeding 2 stories in
height, ISO prescribes the following needed fire flows
based on the distance between
buildings:
500 gpm (2000L/min) where the distance is more than
100 feet
750 gpm (3000L/min) where the distance is between 31
and 100 feet 1,000 gpm (4000L/min) where the distance is
between 11 and 30 feet 1,500 gpm (6000L/min) where the
distance is 10 feet or less.
Water Consumption
Categories
Insurance Services Office Formula (ISO,
1980):
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Water Consumption
Categories
Insurance Services Office Formula (ISO,
1980):
Water Consumption
Categories
Insurance Services Office Formula (ISO,
1980):
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Water Consumption
Categories
Miscellaneous groups:
Water consumption that does not belong to any
of the above-listed groups can be classified as
miscellaneous.
These are the quantities used for fire fighting,
public purposes (washing streets, maintaining
green areas, supply for fountains, etc.),
maintenance of water and sewage systems
(cleansing, flushing mains) or other specific
uses (military facilities,sport complexes, zoos,
etc.).
Sufficient information on water consumption
in such cases should be available from local
records.
FACTORS AFFECTING WATER
CONSUMPTION
Climate conditions: Warm dry regions have higher
consumption rates than cooler regions. In addition, water
usage is affected by the precipitation levels in the region.
Size of the city. In small cities, it was found that the per
capita per day water consumption was small due to the fact
that there are only limited uses of water in those cities.
Small cities have larger area that is inadequately served by
both water and sewer systems than larger cities.
Characteristics of the population. Domestic use of water
was found to vary widely. This is largely dependent upon
the economic status of the consumers, which will differ
greatly in various sections of a city. In high value residential
areas of a city the water consumption per capita will be
high and vice versa
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FACTORS AFFECTING WATER
CONSUMPTION
Metering. Communities that are metered usually show a
lower and more stable water use pattern.
Water quality. Consumer perception of bad water
quality can decrease the water usage rate.
Cost of water. A tendency toward water conservation
occur when cost of water is high.
Water pressure. Rates of water usage increase with
increases in water pressure.
Water conservation. Public awareness and
implementation of water conservation programs by
utilities tend to have an impact on the water usage rate.
ANY
QUESTION?
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4/20/2021
THANK
YOU
Engr. Zohaib Hassan 4/20/2021 90
Khan
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