Integumentary System

Mrs. Hiyasmin U. Gutierrez, RMT

Instructor
Objectives
1. Name the parts of the Integumentary system and
discuss the function of each part.

2. Define the combining forms used in building words

that relate to the Integumentary system.

3. Identify the meaning of related abbreviations.

4. Name the common diagnoses, laboratory tests and

clinical procedures used in testing and treating the
Integumentary system.
Objectives Part 2
•Define the major pathological conditions of the
Integumentary system.

•Define surgical terms related to the

Integumentary system.

•List common pharmacological agents used in

treating the Integumentary system.

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1. How many major
regions are in the
skin?
A.5
B.3
C.7
D.None of the
5 above
2. Which layer
accounts for 3/4 of
the epidermal
thickness?
A. Corneum
B. Basale
C. Spinosum
6 D. Lucidium
3. Which glands are not
active until puberty?
a. eccrine gland
b. apocrine gland
c. thyroid gland
d. lacrimal gland

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4. Which of the following is the correct
sequence of the layers of the
epidermis in thick skin, from
superficial to deep?
a. stratum corneum, stratum
lucidum, stratum spinosum,
stratum granulosum, stratum
basale
b. stratum corneum, stratum
granulosum, stratum spinosum,
stratum lucidum, stratum basale
c. stratum corneum, stratum
lucidum, stratum granulosum,
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stratum spinosum, stratum basale
5. There are cells in the
epidermis that produce a
pigment that protect against
DNA mutation by UV
radiation. These cells help
create our skin color and a
tan. What are these cells
called?
a. keratinocytes
b. Langerhans cells
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c. melanocytes
6. Which layer of the epidermis
consists of cells that are
undergoing active cell
reproduction and
eventually migrate to the
stratum corneum layer
to be sloughed off?

a. stratum basale
b. stratum granulosum
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c. stratum lucidum
7. Which layer of the
epidermis consists of cells
that produce the tough
protein substance called
keratin?

a. stratum corneum
b. stratum granulosum
c. stratum spinosum
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8. Which of the following
glands is most directly
involved in acne
formation?
a. apocrine
b. eccrine
c. sebaceous
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9. Which of the following
glands produces a substance,
which has an odor to it,
during nursing, stress, or
sexual excitement?

a. apocrine
b. eccrine (merocrine)
c. sebaceous
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10. Which of the following
gland produces a
substance that helps to
lubricate the skin and
prevent it from becoming
dry?
a. apocrine
b. eccrine (merocrine)
c. sebaceous
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LABEL THE PARTS OF THE SKIN

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Structure and organ
Skin is the largest Function
of the body, and
serves to:
•Protect against injury
•Protect against the sun UV rays
•Prevent entry of harmful microorganisms
•Maintain the proper internal body
temperature
•Excrete waste materials through
perspiration
•Function as a sense organ

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 Three Layers
Three Layers of the Skin
of Skin
Epidermis or stratified squamous epithelium Stratum corneum

Basal layer includes

melanocytes

Dermis or corium Nerves, vessels, glands, hair follicles

Subcutaneous Connective tissue (mostly lipocytes)

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 epidermis

Epidermal Layer
Epidermal Layer
•Outermost skin layer
•a keratinized stratified
squamous epithelium
•Avascular
•Consists of several
sublayers:
1. Stratum basale or
germinativum –
single row of cells
attached to dermis;
youngest cells

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 2. Stratum spinosum –
(bundles of
protein) resist tension
3. Stratum granulosum – layers of
flattened keratinocytes producing
keratin (hair and nails made of it
also)
4. Stratum lucidum (only on
palms and soles)
5. Stratum corneum – horny layer
(cells dead, many layers thick)
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Micrograph of thick skin. C = stratum corneum, G
= stratum granulosum, S = stratum spinosum
and B = stratum basale.
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Dermal Layer dermis Dermal Layer
•Also called the corium
•Contains two sublayers
the papillary layer and
the reticular layer
•Holds many capillaries,
lymph cells, nerve
endings, sebaceous and
sweat glands and hair
follicles
•Collagen fibers are found in
the connective tissue and
when collagen fibers
stretch, they form striae
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Subcutaneous Layer
Subcutaneous Layer
•Also called the hypodermis
•Found between the dermal layer
and the inner organs
•Consists of adipose or fatty tissue
and some fibrous tissue

•Fatty tissue protects

inner organs and
maintains body
temperature
•Blood vessels and nerves
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are present subcutaneous
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Hair
Hair
•Hair grows out of the epidermis to cover parts of the
body.
•The shaft is what we see and the root lies below
the surface of the skin.

Hair color is determined by the presence

of melanin.

Baldness or alopecia may result from

heredity, disease, injury, or
chemotherapy.
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Nails
Nails
•Nails are plates made
of hard keratin that
cover the dorsal surface
of the fingers and toes.

•At the base of most nails a lunula or whitish half-

moon is an area where keratin and other cells have
mixed with air.

•The cuticle is a narrow band of epidermis that

surrounds the base or bottom of nails.
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Glands
Glands
•Sudoriferous glands, also known as sweat glands,
secrete outward toward the surface of the body
(exocrine) and are located almost everywhere on the
body.
Types of exocrine glands

Eccrine Apocrine Sebaceous

•The excretion of sweat is called diaphoresis.

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Sebaceous (oil) glands
Entire body except palms and soles
Produce sebum by holocrine secretion
Oils and lubricates
 Sweat glands
Entire skin surface
except nipples and
part of external
genitalia
Prevent overheating
500 cc to 12 l/day! (is
mostly water)
Produced in response
to stress as well as
heat
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 Types of sweat glands
Eccrine or merocrine
Most numerous
True sweat: 99% water, some salts, traces of
waste
Open through pores
Apocrine
Axillary, anal and genital areas only
Ducts open into hair follices
The organic molecules in it decompose with time
- odor
Combining Forms
Combining Form Meaning
•adip(o) fatty

•dermat(o) skin

•hidr(o) sweat, sweat glands

•ichthy(o) fish, scaly

•kerat(o) horny tissue

•lip(o) fatty
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Combining Forms Part 2
Combining Form Meaning
•melan(o) black, very dark

•myc(o) fungus

•onych(o) nail

•pil(o) hair

•seb(o) sebum

•steat(o) fat

•41trich(o) hair
Dermatology

The field of Dermatology studies, diagnoses, and

treats ailments of the skin.

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Exudate/Fungi
•Exudate (pus) is material that passes out of tissues. The
laboratory can use this to determine the types of
bacteria present.

•A scraping can also be done and placed on a growth

medium to identify the presence of fungi.
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Test for Disease and Allergies
Did you know that the skin can be tested
for various diseases and allergies?

Tests for Diseases

•Mantoux test used to
detect tuberculosis.
Tests for Allergies
•Patch test •Schick test used to detect
•Scratch test diphtheria.
•Intradermal tests
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Skin Lesions
Both abnormalities and certain internal diseases
show dermatological symptoms.

Skin Lesions

•Primary lesions are areas of tissue that are altered

because of a pathological condition.
•Secondary lesions result from changes in the
primary lesions.
•Vascular lesions are blood vessel lesions that show
through the skin.

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 Types of Skin Lesions
Primary Lesions

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Other Conditions
Other Conditions
•Impetigo, a highly contagious skin condition is caused
by staphylococci and characterized by the presence of
pus.

•Ringworm or tinea is caused by fungi, and is

characterized by intense itching or pruritis.

•Common rashes such as diaper rashes are also

caused by fungi known as Candidiasis.

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 IMPETIGO
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 RINGWORM
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 DIAPER RASHES

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 Common
Other CommonFungi
Fungi
•tinea pedis (athlete’s foot)

•tinea capitis (scalp ringworm)

•tinea barbae (ringworm of the beard)

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 ATHLETE’S FOOT

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 TINEA CAPITIS
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 TINEA BARBAE
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Vascular Conditions
Vascular Conditions

•Ecchymosis Bluish-purple skin mark may be due to

injury.

•Petechiae Tiny pinpoint ecchymosis.

•Purpura Extensive skin hemorrhages covering a

wide area.

•Rosacea Appears as red blotches on the skin,

59 especially the nose and cheeks.
 ECCHYMOSIS PETECHIAE

60 PUPURA ROSACEA
Skin Conditions Related to
Skin Conditions Related to Pigmentation
Pigmentation

•Vitiligo

•Albinism

•Chloasma

61 Vitiligo
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Other Virus Diseases
Other Diseases caused by Viruses:
•Herpes simplex Type 1(cold sores)

•Herpes simplex Type 2 (genital herpes)

•Herpes zoster (shingles)

Other Skin Conditions:

•acne vulgaris •psoriasis

•seborrhea
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 HERPES SIMPLEX GENITAL HERPES

SHINGLES

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ACNE VULGARIS PSORIASIS

SEBORRHEA

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Categories of
Burns to the skin may Burns
result from exposure to heat,
chemicals, electricity, radiation or other irritants.

Categories of Burns
•First Degree •Third Degree
is superficial, without involves complete
blistering, but with destruction of skin
redness and swelling. and sometimes
reaches muscle and
•Second Degree bone.
involves the
epidermis and dermis
and blistering.
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 First-degree
(epidermis only; redness)

Second-degree
(epidermis and dermis,
with blistering)

Third-degree
(full thickness, destroying
epidermis, dermis, often part of
hypodermis)

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Conditions Caused by Insects
Some skin conditions are
caused by insects.

Pediculosis
An inflammation with Scabies
lice usually on the head Contagious skin
or genitals. eruption that often
occurs between fingers,
on areas of the trunk, or
male genitalia and is
caused by mites.
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Nail Inflammation
The term onychia or onychitis means nail inflammation.

Causes of Nail Inflammation

•infection

•irritation Paronychia is an inflammation of

the flap of skin overlapping the
•fungi nail.

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Surgical Terms

Various types of plastic surgery may involve

reconstructing areas of the skin. Other types involve
removing part of a growth to test for cancer or
removing the entire cancerous growth.
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 Skin Grafts
Plastic surgery may involve the use of skin grafts.

Types of skin grafts

•Autograft - skin from own body.

•Allograft or homograft - donor skin from another

person.

•Heterograft or xenograft - donor skin from one species

to another.

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Methods
Methods usedof Removal
to remove unwanted growths or
scrape tissue or discolorations include:

•Cryosurgery
Removal of tissue by applying cold liquid nitrogen.

•Dermabrasion
Use of brushes and emery paper to remove wrinkles,
scars, and tattoos.

•Debridement and Curettage

Removal of dead tissue from a wound by scraping.
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Surgical Procedures of the
Skin Procedures of the Skin
Surgical

Many procedures involve the use of electricity or

lasers to stop bleeding, remove tissue, or excise
tissues for examination.

•Cauterize •Needle biopsy

•Shave biopsy
•Fulguration

Moh’s surgery

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Treatment of skin disorders involves the use of
Types of Medication
various medications.
Types of Medications
•Chemotherapy uses chemicals that destroy malignant
cells.

•Antibiotics kill or slow the growth of microorganisms

on the skin.

•Emollients are agents that soothe the skin by

moistening it or adding oils to it.

•Astringents decrease the formation of oily material on

the skin.
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Apply Your Knowledge
Amanda’s mother tells her not to put on too much of
her cream deodorant because it may “clog up her
pores.”

Which glands may be affected if excessive

creams or other substances are applied under
the arms?
A. Eccrine
B. Apocrine
C. Sebaceous

75 Answer: Apocrine
Apply Your
Which of Knowledge
the following Part
patients would 2
experience
the most pain following their burn injury?

Patient A accidentally spilled hot grease on his his

right hand and arm resulting in first and second
degree burns to the entire area.
-OR-
Patient B was in his home when his kerosene heater fell
on his left lower leg causing complete third degree
burns to the area.

Answer: Patient A
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Apply Your
Ellen notes Knowledge
a small Part
elevated pimple on 4
her forehead
and you realize this lesion is called a:

A. macule
Answer: B. papule
B. papule

C. keloid

Is this lesion considered a primary, secondary or

vascular lesion?

Answer: primary
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