GROWTH AND

DEVELOPMENT
Growth;

• It refers to the increase in the number and size of cells

in the organism, and the change in the structure,
function and elements of the cells (eg, height).

• Hypertrophy (increase in size of cellular structures)

• Hyperplasia (increased number

of cells)
Development;

• It is the functional and physiological

maturation process of the individual.
• It includes attribute variables and is more
difficult to measure.
• It is associated with the maturation of the
nervous system.
• It also includes psychological and social
changes.
• Development; occurs at the end of growth,
maturation and learning.
Maturation;
• It refers to the emergence of one's innate
potential over time.

• Development is greatly influenced by

biological maturation.
Growth: It is an increase in volume and mass.
Development: It is the acquisition of new skills.

It is one of the important features that distinguish children from

adults.

from immature behavior to mature behaviours

from simple skills to mixed skills
from dependent behaviours to independence behaviours

ORGANISM ENVIRONMENT

It is a mutually influenced process..

 Childhood Periods
1- Prenatal Period
Ovum: From fertilization to the
end of the 2nd week

Embryo: From the 2nd week to the

end of the 8th week

Fetal: From 8 weeks to birth

 2- Postpartum Period
Newborn Period (0-1 months)
Infancy (1-12 months)
Toddler (1-3 years)
Preschool Childhood Period (3-6 years)
School- age Child (6-12 years)
Adolescence (Puberty, Adolescence)
Period (10-20 years)
 Rules Guiding Growth and
Development
 Growth- development is a process

 There is a certain directional order in the

growth and development process.

 There are differences in the growth and

development of organs and systems

 There are individual differences between

children in the growth and development
process.

 Century trend
FACTORS AFFECTING GROWTH
AND DEVELOPMENT

a. Genetic Factors
b. Intrauterine Factors
c. Environmental Factors
Growth and Development

1-) Physical Growth

2-) Skeletal and Bone Development
3-) Development of Teeth
4-) Neuromotor Development
5-) Development of Bladder and Bowel
Control
6-) Intelligence Development
7-) Sexual Development
Evaluation of Growth and Development

Evaluation of growth;
• Body weight,
• Height
• Head and Chest Circumference,
• Ratio of Body Parts to Each Other,

Evaluation of Development,
• Bone Development,
• Tooth Development,
• Neuromotor Development
• Intelligence Development,
• Sexual Development
 Follow-up Frequency;

• Growth-development monitoring should

be started at birth.

Measurements should be done at ;

• 15 days
• 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th months,
• 9. ,12. and at 15 months,
• 1.5 years, 2 years, 2.5 years and 3
years old,
• 4 years, 5 years and 6 years.
 1. Physical Growth

Purpose: To gain skills and behaviors

related to taking physical
measurements of the child and
evaluating the results in accordance
with the age of the child.
Physical Measurements
• Measurement of body weight

• Measurement of height

• Measurement of head
circumference

• Measurement of chest
circumference

• Measurement of abdominal
circumference
Things to do before, during and after
the practices in all measurements:

 Before the procedure, the procedure is

explained in cooperation with the child and
family.
 Hands are washed before and after each
procedure.
 The child is observed during the procedure.
 If the procedure is done in a special
location, the child is restored after the
procedure.
 After the operation, it is recorded.
 Measurement of body
weight

Purpose: To evaluate the child's growth-

development and nutrition, body fluid balance,

Calculating the amount of fluid to be given per

kilogram

It covers knowledge and skills related to

measuring body weight and evaluating the
child according to his/her age.
Measurement of body weight

Weighing of children aged 0-2

(in children up to 20 kg, scales
sensitive to 10 gr should be used)
• Informing the family/child about the
procedure

• Controlling the room temperature (22-24

°C)

• Keeping the mother in a position where

she can see her child
 Measurement of body
weight
To set it to 0 by placing a
disposable cloth on the weighing
instrument.

Weighing the child completely naked

Protecting the child from trauma

when weighing
 Measurement of body
weight
Dressing the baby

Setting the weighing instrument back to 0 after

the operation

Weighing of children over 2 years old

(For children weighing more than 20 kg, scales
sensitive to 100 g should be used)
 WEIGHT

 Newborn (2500-4000 gr) Average

3300 gr

 The first week in a newborn baby,

due to the removal of excess
extracellular fluid, there may be 6%-
10% physiological weight loss.
 In the first 3 months
20-30 gr per day
150-250 gr (average 200gr) per
week
800 g per month
 WEIGHT

 3-12 Month Month+9

=
kg
2

 1-6 Age [Age (Years) x 2]+8= kg

 7-12 Age [Age (Years) x 7] -5

=kg
2
 WEIGHT

Body weight between the 3rd

percentile and the 97th
percentile is normal.

Over 97 is obesity,

If it is below the 3rd

percentile, it is said to be
weak.
 Measurement of height

Purpose: To gain skills and

behaviors about
measuring the height of
the child and evaluating
the result according to
the age of the child and
informing the family
about the child's height
increase.
 Measuring the height of a child
under 3 years old
• Informing the family about the procedure

• Removing the child's excess clothes and shoes

before the procedure

• Laying the child on his back with his head

touching the fixed part of the height measuring
table, ensuring that the head is fixed by a person

• Taking measures to protect the child from trauma

 Measuring the height of a child
under 3 years old
• Positioning the feet at a right angle of 90 degrees
to the table / wall by pressing the knees (lying flat
on the back)

• Reading the point where the movable surface at

the foot end touches the sole of the foot from the
fixed tape measure on the edge of the measuring
table

• If there is no height measuring table, the child is

laid flat on a hard floor and the head and feet are
limited to a hard surface such as a book or a
board. The distance between the two marks is
measured with a tape measure.
 Measuring height in children
over 3 years old
• Removing excess clothes and shoes before the
procedure

• Keeping the mother in a position where she can see

her child

• Giving the child a position (standing upright, parallel

to the wall, with his head, back and heels touching
the wall, eyes facing forward)

• Place the ruler perpendicular to the wall, parallel to

the floor, touching the child's head, and make a mark
on the wall at the bottom of the ruler

• Measuring the distance between the mark on the wall

and the floor with a tape measure or finding the
 HEIGHT

• Height at birth 48.5 - 52.5 cm (Mean: 50 cm)

• 1. three months (0-3 months) +8 cm

• 2. three months (3-6 months) +8cm

• 3. three months (6-9 months) +4 cm

• 4. three months (9-12 months) +4 cm

Growth in height is slow between 1-2
years of age. It grows an average of 1
cm per month.

Age-matched height formula after 2 years

Age x 6+77 cm

Gigantism is above the 97th percentile

Short stature is below the 3rd percentile

 Measuring and evaluating head
circumference

Purpose: Measuring the child's head

circumference, evaluating the
results in accordance with the
child's age, head development =
brain development

Measure by passing the tape

measure over the most protruding
part of the occipital bone at the
back, over the ears at the side,
and over the eyebrows at the front.
It is important that the same
person always does it and that the
same tape measure is used.
 HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE
• Normal newborn 33-37 cm (mean
35cm)

• 3 months 40.5 cm

• 6 months 43 cm

• 12 months 46 cm

• 2 years 48 cm

• 3-5 years 1.25 cm/year

  Macrocephaly if above the 97th
percentile

 Microcephaly if below the 3rd percentile

At birth, a newborn has 6 fontanelles.
The fontanelles except the anterior
fontonel are in the first weeks, and the
anterior fontonel is 12-18. It closes in
months.

The anterior fontanel is 2-3 cm wide and

3-4 cm long.

In the newborn period, the sutures

between the skull bones are open by 0.5
cm.
 Question

9 months old M. D.(male), who was hospitalized

in the nutrition and metabolism service, was
born with a weight of 3050 g, a height of 49 cm
and a head circumference of 34 cm. The
morning weight of the baby, who was
hospitalized with the diagnosis of
phenylketanuria, was 8500 g, his height was 68
cm, and his head circumference was 44 cm.
Comment by calculating the height, weight and
head circumference of this baby?
 Answer
• 3-12 Month Month+9 9+9
= = 9 kg
•
2 2
• 1. Trimester (0-3months) 8 cm
• 2. Trimester (3-6 months) 8cm
• 3. Trimester (6-9 months) 4 cm 8+8+4=20
• 3 month 40.5 cm 49 + 20=
• 6 month 43 cm 69cm
• 12 month 46 cm

Head circumference at 9 months is

approximately 44.5 cm
 Weight: 9000kg
Mustafa Demir (Boy, 9 months)
Heigth: 69cm
110 52
cm
Head:44,5cm
51
100 Heigth 50
90
2 49 75
90 5
48 50
80 47 25
46 10
70
---------- Month45
-----------------------------

30
s

------------------------------------------
60 24 44------------------
18 43 ---
50 12 42
9
3 6 41
0 40
12 39
-

kg 38

----
10 37
--------
8 36

Weight 35 Head
6 34 circumfere
4
33 nce
32
2 31
1 23 45 67 891 1 1 Age 16 1
0-36 Months Turkish Boys 0-18 months Turkish
0 Boys
2 4 (month) 8
Standard Growth Curve Standard Head Circumference Growth Curve
 Question

Calculate the weight, height and head

Circumference of
a 5-year-old girl, Fatma
Aydın
 Answer
1-6 age [Age (Years) x 2]+8
[5 X 2] + 8 = 18 kg

Age-matched height formula after 2

years (Age x 6)+77 = cm
(5 X 6) + 77 = 107 cm

2 age 48 cm
3-5 age 1.25 cm/years 48 + 3,75 =
51,75
170 Name:Fatma Aydın
160
Weight: 18kg
150 Height: 107cm
140 Head cm: 51,75 cm
130
120 Heigh
110-------------- t

----------- ----------------------
100 1 Age
9 - 1 6
1 4
0
8
8 91 2 9
0
7 0 0
7 7
0
6 5 6
4 5
50
0
5 3
0 1 2 2
kg 5
10
45
40 Weight
-----

35
30
25
------------
20
15
---
10
5

0- 17 Age Turkish Girls

Standard Growth Curve
 Measuring and Evaluating
Chest Circumference

Aim
Age-appropriate evaluation of results

Removing clothing above the child's waist

Lying position for infants, sitting position for

older children
 Measuring and
Evaluating Chest
Circumference
•Passing the tape measure posteriorly over
the lower end of the scapula bones, anteriorly
across the breast line

•To take the average of two measurement

values ​by measuring first in inspiration and
then in expiration
 Average values ​of chest
circumference
• 30-33 cm at birth

• 1 year 47 cm

• 5 years 55cm
 Measuring and evaluating
abdominal circumference

Purpose: Evaluation of the results in accordance

with the age of the child

Removing excess clothing above the child's waist

Lying supine position

Passing the tape measure over the lumbar

vertebrae in the back and over the navel in the
front, measuring first in the inspiration and then
expiration, averaging the two measurements
 Evaluation of Body Measurements
The distribution of various parameters related to growth and
development such as body weight, height, head
circumference at different ages, the lower and upper limits of
normal, were determined with tables and curves prepared
based on data obtained from normal child groups.
- In these curves, values ​between the 3rd and 97th
percentiles are considered normal.
- While the 50th percentile represents the average child
size,
- 3rd percentile shortest or weakest child,
- The 97th percentile indicates the tallest or heaviest child.
- The important thing is that the baby progresses on the
same percentile line.
The region between the two percentile lines is called the
growth channel. Deviations from more than two growth
channels during monitoring require in-depth and more
intensive monitoring.
 2-) Skeletal and Bone
Development

In the 2nd month of

intrauterine life, there is no
skeleton in the embryo. This
process begins towards the end of
the 2nd month and continues until
the end of adolescence (18-20
years).
 epiphysi
s
metaphysis
The middle part of
the bone is called
the diaphysis, the
end part is called
the epiphysis and diaphysi
s
the part between
these two is called
the metaphysis
metaphysi
s
epiphysi
s
 Primary ossification in intrauterine life
starts from the centers in the middle
of the diaphysis, that is, the bone, and
progresses towards the ends.

The development after birth starts from the

centers in the epiphyses and continues
towards the diaphysis (secondary
ossification).
 At the end of puberty, when
the boundaries of the metaphysis
and epiphysis meet, growth stops.
This phenomenon is called closure
of the epiphyses.
 Bone Age

It is defined as the degree of

maturation of bones.

Bone age = Chronological

age
In cases where chronological age needs
to be determined,
It is important in the recognition and
monitoring of growth and development
disorders.
 Evaluation of bone age

Evaluation is made by comparing the X-rays of

the knee and foot bones in the first 4 months,
and the hand and wrist bones in older ones
with the standard atlases (the number and
size of the ossification centers, the wrist
bones, the degree of epiphyseal-diaphysis
junction).
 Determination of bone age;
• Bone age is determined by
radiographs of knee and ankle X-ray
before 5 months

• It is determined by radiographs of
the hand and wrist after 5-6 months.
 Cause of delayed bone age

• Thyroid and Growth hormone

deficiency
• Chronic malnutrition
• Vitamin D deficiency
• Chronic infections
• Rickets
• Turner Syndrome
 3-) Development of Teeth

Development of teeth,
It starts at 5 and 6 months.
It takes 2-3 years.
When completed, the number of
deciduous teeth is 20.
It starts to fall after 6-7 years.
 Number of milk teeth in the first 2 years;

Child's age (months)-6 = Number of teeth

The reason for the delay;

Genetic
Deficiency of thyroid hormone
 Incisors.........6-12 months

Canine teeth.....18-
24 months

First Milk Second Milk

Molars......12-18 Child Molars......24-36
months months

Milk Teeth
 Incisors....7-8 years
old
Canine teeth....11-12
First years
premolars......9
years

Second
First Molars......12-13
Molars.....6 years
years old
Adult
The eruption
Permanent period of
teeth begin to permanent teeth
erupt at 6-7 takes 12-13 years.
years of age. When
completed, the
Permanent Teeth
number of
permanent
 4-) Neuromotor Development
• It is the acquisition of nerve and muscle control.

Large Motor (Gross Motor): Body posture and

head control, sitting, crawling, standing
includes stopping and walking functions.

Small Motor (Fine Motor) Development: Includes the

ability to use hands and fingers. Hand and eye
coordination is important.
 Direction in neuromotor
development;

• Head to toe (Cephalo-caudal); first

holds his head (1-3 months), then
sits (6-8 months), then walks (12-
14 months).

• Center to ends (Proximal-distal);

first uses his arms and then his
fingers (9-10 months).
 Neuromotor Development in
Infants

FUNCTION AGE OF INITIAL

ACQUISITION
Head control (without 6-12 weeks
support)
Catching items 5 months
Sitting without support 6-8 months
Walking 12-13 months
 Vision, hand-eye
coordination
• Newborn; can detect bright object in
visual field.
• 2 weeks; It can follow the object for a
short time at an angle of 45-90 degrees.
• 2 months old; It can follow the object
at a distance of 25-30 cm 180 degrees
(head and eyes).
• 4 months old; sees the item and
wants to reach out and pick it up.
• 5-6 years old has full vision.
For up to 3 months, there may be a
shift in the eyes. If it lasts longer
than 3 months, it is pathological. It
should be evaluated in terms of
strabismus.
 Smell, taste and touch
• Newborns do not have a good sense
of smell.

• The sense of taste is well developed.

• The sense of touch is not fully

developed in the first 5 months,
except for the lips and tongue.
 Hearing and vocalization

• The newborn has a developed sense of

hearing. Hearing control is done simply by
observing the child's response to a sound
source.

• For each ear, it is evaluated by the reaction /

startle of the child outside the visual field (such
as hitting the table, rustling paper, speaking).
 Reactions of 0-1 Year Old Babies to
Sound
Sound Reactions
0-3 month 4-6 month 7-9 month 10-12 month
Rapid movement Rapid movement light turns his head
not accustomed to (startle) (startle) movement
strong voice

Brief pause in To be silent if crying; Responding by Responding by

breathing or respond by making a making a sound, making a sound,
sucking, sound, trembling, immediately imitating the sound
sometimes reaching for the turning the head to
turning head sound source the sound
towards sound
familiar human source
voice

Does not Turning head or eye Turning eye to Localizing the

respond or turn to sound source sound source sound horizontally
head or vertically
Rattle toy or bell
 Speech development in
children
Age Making Noise / Speaking
Newbor Crying
n
1 month Makes sounds other than crying (like agu agu)
6 Makes different sounds and responds to speech with
mont these sounds.
hs
8 Makes different sounds with incomprehensible
mont syllables.
hs
12 Consciously says 2-3 words.
mont
hs
18-21 2-3 words can be selected, the rest form
mont incomprehensible sentences.
 5-) Development of
Bladder and Bowel
Control
1 Cries when it wets the bed while asleep
month
7 Dry time is 1-2 hours
month
s
12 When he wakes up during the day, his
month bottom may be dry. Cries until diapers are
s changed.
15 Urinary retention time was prolonged up to
month 2-3 hours.
s
18 He can tell if he has urine. If he does it
month involuntarily, he will be ashamed.
 5-) Development of Bladder and
Bowel Control

2.5 Urinary retention time increased to

years 5 hours. Boys can urinate standing
up
3 He tells when he urinates. The
years number of accidents is greatly
reduced
5 Can urinate on their own
years
6 He can take his own responsibility
years
 5-) Development of
Bladder and Bowel Control

18 Gains the ability to defecate to the

months toilet except for a few accidents

2.5 years A sense of shame has developed.

Wants to do the toilet alone
 6-) Intelligence
Development
Intelligence: It is the individual's
reaching the goal by using all her mental
abilities in the face of a situation or
event.

Educational psychologists, on the other

hand, defined intelligence as a person's
ability to learn.
 Development of
intelligence
• Fastest at 10-12 years old

• Slowing down a bit in 20s

• Remains the same for a long time in

adulthood

• Slowly declines after middle age

 There are great differences in mental
ability among individuals. Intelligence
measurement tools are used to measure
these abilities. The rate of error in the
assessment is high before the age of 6
years. Test results become more reliable
as the child gets older.
 7-) Sexual Development
Adolescence (puberty) is the transition
process from childhood to adolescence that
begins with the effect of hormones. Biological
changes take 3-5 years to complete.

10 years for girls (8 at the earliest, 13 at

the latest)
Occurs in boys at the age of 12 (earliest
9, latest 14 years).
 Sexual Development

GIRL BOY

Breast development 10-13 Testicular Enlargement 12 years

years (9-14 years)
Axillary hair 10-18 years Axillary hair 10-18 years

Menarche 12-14 years Voice deepening 14 years

Growth of beards
 Health Screening Tests and
When to Perform
Phenylketonuria; It is done in the first week of
life in our country. If it is not done in this period,
it should be done within the first 3 months.

Hypothyroidism; same as screening for

phenylketonuria.

Developmental Hip Dysplasia; Children with

normal physical examination findings in the
neonatal period should be evaluated for DHP at
each follow-up until the end of the first year.
Seeing; Vision should be evaluated at every
follow-up until the age of 4 years. Visual
acuity should be evaluated at the 4th and
5th ages, especially because of its effect on
school success.

Hearing; It should be checked at every

follow-up starting from the neonatal period.
The main purpose is to recognize hearing
loss before 3 months. Hearing should be
evaluated by laboratory method at 4th and
5th ages.
Anemia; It is seen in infants as a result of decreased
iron stores. If precautions are not taken, it will cause
developmental problems. It is recommended to be
screened especially at the 9th month.

Urinalysis; Recommended after 5 years of age.

Blood pressure; It is recommended for every child

from the age of 3 once a year.

Hyperlipidemia; It is recommended at every follow-up

after 2 years of age.

Dental Control; It should be followed at the 3rd and

5th ages.

Parasite; Recommended at age 5.

 w t h
G r o e n t
o p m
v e l s
D e o r i e
T h e
 Psychosexual Development Theory
(Sigmond Freud 1856-1939)

 Psychosocial Development Theory (Erik

Erikson 1902-1980)

 Mental Development Theory (Jean Piaget

1896-1980)

 Behavioral and Social Theory of Learning

(IvanPavlov 1849-1936, Albert Bandura)

 Maturation Theory (Arnold Gessel)

Psychosexual Development Theory
(Sigmond Freud 1856-1939)

He argues that
human beings
develop through a
series of
psychosexual
stages.
SİGMOND FREUD
(1856-1939)
 Psychosexual Development
Theory
(Sigmond Freud 1856-
1939) STAGE
AGE FOCUS OF AWARNING

0-1 years ORAL Mouth and Lips

1-3 years ANAL Anus

3-6 years PHALLIC Sexual Organs

6-12 LATENT Gaining Knowledge and

years Play
12-18 GENITAL Sexual Organs
years
 ORAL PHASE (0-1 YEARS)

The mouth, lips and tongue are the pleasure centers.

Functions of this period; sucking, biting, eating
and speaking.

General behavioral characteristics of the oral period:

The baby needs care and protection from outside.

The baby is constantly attached to the people who

care for him, the commitment is reciprocal.

The continuity of the caregiver and the quality of

care are the first building blocks of the child's
perception of himself and his environment (basic
trust & insecurity).
ANAL PHASE (1-3 YEARS)

The anus is the main source of pleasure. Toilet training

is carried out during this period.

General behavioral characteristics of anal period:

Taking important steps from dependent existence to
autonomous existence with the development of
motor, mental and speech abilities...

Reacting to the restrictive measures of the

environment – ​the first war for autonomy…

Beginning to learn the good – bad, approved –

disapproved attitudes of environmental
expectations. first punishments and reactions…
 PHALLIC PHASE (3-6 YEARS)
In this period, the pleasure center is the sexual
organs. The main function of this period is the
development of healthy sexual interests.

General features of the phallic period:

His orientation towards social relations-oriented

behaviors from self-centered existence…

Awareness of sexual differences, beginning of

sexual interests and fantasies…

Oedipus-electra complex.

It could be a castration complex. Circumcision is

prohibited in this age group.
 LATENT PHASE (6-12 YEARS)

During this period, sexual desire is not active…

General behavioral characteristics of the latent

period:

The reality principle prevails in cognitive and

emotional faculties.

Learning curiosity focuses on social interests.

Group relationship is important. Friendships and

relationships are formed.

Skills for transition to adult life are acquired

 GENITAL PHASE (12-18
YEARS)

During this period, young people's interest in the

opposite sex becomes evident.

General features of the genital period:

Significant changes occur physically, sexually and

spiritually.

It is the period when sexual orientations and

impulses develop.

Growth and development continues, but its pace

has stalled.
Psychosocial Development Theory
(Erik Erikson 1902-1980)

Personality development
carries weight, it has
divided the whole life
into 8 stages. He stated
a positive self faced by
the self at each stage
and its opposite, such as
basic trust and its
ERİK ERİKSON
opposite, basic (1902-1980)
insecurity.
 Psychosocial Development
Theory
(Erik
Age
Erikson 1902-1980)
Stages
0-12 month Trust / Distrust
1-3 years Autonomy / Shame, Doubt,
Indecision
3-6 years Assertiveness / Guilt
6-12 years Productivity / Development of
inferiority feeling
12-18 age confusion Self-awareness (Self-
(Adolescence) Identification) / role confusion
19-25 age (Late Adult) Intimacy / loneliness
26-40 age (Adult) Productivity / Recession,
Inefficiency
40 ages and up (Late Happiness / Unhappiness,
Adulthood) Tiredness
 Basic Trust vs. Mistrust (0 – 1
Years)
 The first signs of social trust in the baby are regular
and comfort in nutrition, sleep, digestion functions.

 The comfort of the child depends on the presence of

people around him and meeting his needs.

 The first social function is the presence of an adult who

knows how to give versus an organism who knows how
to receive. This makes up the reciprocal whole.

 This continuity and consistency in the mother-child

relationship creates the essence of trust in the child.
0-1 years possible crises

irregular diet
physical illness
Caregiver rejection
Autonomy vs shame and doubt: (1-3
years)

 Towards the end of the first year, the child's

muscle and movement system develops.
This period is the first steps of the
transition to an autonomous and mobile
existence.

 At this stage, external control and

teachings determine the development of
the child's sense of autonomy.
1-3 years possible crises

physical trauma
The caregiver's inhibition of entrepreneurship
Conflict in toilet discipline
 Guilty Against Initiative: (3–6
Years)

 While motor and mental development

increases rapidly, interest in sexual organs
increases.

 By imitating the parents, the child self

develops – the superego begins to form

 The child begins to behave according to the

rules of the society in which he lives.
3-6 years possible crises

physical trauma
Conflict with teacher and parent – ​peer
Starting school – Preschool – Kindergarten
Moving – Loss of Friends
 Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12 years)

 With his spiritual world, he is now ready to

enter real life. Establishes social
relationships with people outside of his
family

 Games are more purposeful

 They search for information to do their

responsibilities
6-12 years, possible crisis

 Learning difficulties at school

 Conflict with peers or teachers
Self-Knowledge (Identification of Self) /
Role: (12–18 Years)

 Childhood has ended and adolescence has begun,

 Physical development has accelerated,

 It is the period when he tries to distinguish all the

roles.

 He searches for his identity.

 He attaches great importance to being recognized by

how he is evaluated by others.

12-18 years possible crisis

 First menstruation, sexual intercourse experience,

pregnancy
 High school graduation - university entrance
 Conflict with parents about lifestyle
 Breaking up with the opposite sex
 Indecision in the profession
 Difficulty at first job
 success and failure
 Loneliness vs. Friendship: (18–
25 Years)

 Young adulthood begins

 Establishes closeness with people or may

turn to himself and develop a sense of
loneliness
Productivity vs. Pause: (26–
40 Years)
 When it comes to productivity, it should be
understood to create and guide a new generation.

 In this phase, which includes middle age, the most

important function of the self is to produce, create
and connect with the things produced with love.

 The main purpose is to be beneficial to ourselves

and society.

 They use their interests and life philosophies for

advice to younger individuals.
 Happiness vs. Unhappiness: (40 Years and
Over)

 It is the most important task of the self to fully

mature and integrate with each other the self
characteristics acquired in the previous stages,

 Self-integrity is the acceptance of all life as it

is with its positive, negative, bitter and sweet
aspects.

 Self-integrity is not meeting the future with

fear and anxiety.
 Mental Development Theory
(Jean Piaget 1896-1980)

The growing child is in

how you fit in with the
world
based on related
problems. He argued
that the child passes
through 4 cognitive
stages.
JEAN PİAGET
(1896-1980)
 COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Cognitive Development; changes in these
processes with age
Pre-Operation Period
(2-7 years)

Emotional Motor Cognitive Development Concrete

Period (0-2 years) Operational
Period
(7-11 years)
Abstract (Formal)
Operational Period
(11-15 years)
Emotional Motor Period (0-2
Years)
 He can manage himself with his senses
and reflexes.

 It distinguishes itself from objects.

 Begins to act purposefully.

 Imitation and games begin.

 Pre-Operational Period (2-7
Years)

 Self-egosantrism is ahead,

 Self-perception and examination are

insufficient,

 Begins to learn about events and

behaviors around him
 Concrete Operational Period
(7-11)
 Social relationships begin

 His thoughts quickened,

 He uses logic that is integrative and

draws conclusions.
 Abstract (Formal) Operational
Period (11-15)
 Thinks in adult size,

 He sees his surroundings from different

angles,

 Logical thinking has developed,

 He has ideas on abstract concepts such as

love, honor, truth, and justice.
Behavioral and Social Learning
Theory (Ivan Pavlov 1849-
1936)
İvan Pavlov

Accepts learning with

conditioning
Behavioral and Social Learning
Theory (Albert Bandura)

He argues that children learn by observing

and imitating the model in front of them.

It talks about the process that develops in

4 stages

To be careful
Keep in mind
Repeating behavior
Reinforce
 Maturation Theory

Arnold
Gessel
He argues little contribution of learning
to development but sincere behaviors
have a role in learning
 THANKS FOR
LISTENING