MILLING
INFANT MELISA A
BTD20006
CONTENTS
◦ Definition
◦ General steps
◦ Size reduction
◦ Forces involved
◦ Crushers
◦ Mills
◦ Types of milling
MILLING - DEFINITION
◦ Milling refers to reduction of food grain into various end products like flour,
meal, splitted products.
◦ Term milling varies with crop. E.g.
Wheat- grinding operation to make flour.
Rice- overall operations in rice mill.
Juice- extraction of juice and extraction of fiber.
GENERAL STEPS
1. CLEANING
2. GRADING
3. SEPARATING
4. MIXING
5. PEARLING
6. POLISHING
7. DEHUSKING
8. SIZE REDUCTION
GENERAL STEPS
◦ CLEANING
◦ Remove impurities. Machines involved are reciprocating air screen cleaner,
rotary drum cleaner.
◦ Reciprocating air screen
cleaner uses aspiration (air
blow).
GRADING
◦ Selecting food products in terms of size and quantity by sieves, vibrating
screens, air classifiers
VIBRATING SCREENS
SEPARATING
◦ SEPARATING: Separation of various parts of material based on their
properties like removing impurity, removing husk, isolating bran etc. By
gravity separators, sifters.
◦ Gravity separators- uses density difference.
MIXING
◦ In milling refers to the blending of different ingredients or components to
achieve a uniform composition.
◦ This step is crucial in food processing to ensure consistent quality and
flavor in the final product.
◦ Mixing equipment, such as blenders or mixers, is used to evenly distribute
ingredients before further processing. Machines used for mixing in milling
include horizontal mixers, ribbon blenders, and paddle mixers.
◦ These devices effectively combine different components to create a
homogeneous mixture in food processing.
PEARLING
◦ PEARLING in milling, also known as "dehulling" or "husking," involves removing
the outer layers (hulls or husks) of grains or seeds, leaving behind the edible
portion.
◦ This process is common in the milling of grains like barley, oats, and rice.
Specialized machines called pearlers or dehullers are used for this purpose.
◦ JET PEARLER: It consists of horizontal partly perforated shaft on which a cast
steel cylinder with friction ridges is clamped.
◦ Behind the two ridges cylinder has large opening for air passage. This cylinder
runs inside the hexagonal chamber with two halves hexagonal screen with
slotted perforations. Feeding screw feeds the rice and the cast steel cylinder is
adjustable by a screw.
JET PEARLER
POLISHING
◦ Polishing in milling of food processing typically involves refining the
appearance and texture of grains or rice. It's done to remove the outer
bran layer, giving the final product a smoother and more polished
appearance. In terms of rice:
◦ HORIZONTAL POLISHER: Consist of steel cylinder where large number of
leather strips are screwed. Cylinder is mounted on horizontal-shaft that
rotates inside cylindrical chamber covered with slotted screen. Leather
strips roll rice against the screen. Under slight pressure, remaining bran is
removed and rice becomes shiny and glossier.
DEHUSKING
◦ Dehusking in food processing is the removal of the outer husk or shell
from grains or seeds. This process is common in rice milling, where the
outer husk is separated from the rice kernel. Dehusking machines, like rice
hullers, are used to accomplish this, resulting in the production of polished
rice ready for consumption.
SIZE REDUCTION
◦ Size reduction machinery:
◦ CRUSHERS
◦ GRINDERS
◦ FINE GRINDERS
◦ CUTTING MACHINES
◦ CRUSHERS: They squeeze or press the material until it breaks. Used in industrial
applications
◦ JAW CRUSHER
◦ GYRATORY CRUSHER
◦ CRUSHING ROLLS
FORCES INVOLVED
◦ COMPRESSIVE:
Occurs when a physical forces presses inward on an object, becoming
compact.
TENSILE :
Stretching forces acting on object.
SHEAR :
Force acting parallel or tangential, causing it to deform.
IMPACT:
Force that delivers a shock or high impact in short time.
CRUSHERS
◦ JAW CRUSHER: Feed is admitted between 2 jaws that are in 'V' shape.
◦ One is fixed and the other is swinging and makes an angle 30° with fixed jaw.
◦ Large lumps are caught in upper parts and subsequently broken and dropped
into narrower jaw. The movable jaw is operated by an eccentric unit( No. of
strokes- 250 to 400 times per minute) to impart compressive force.
CRUSHERS
GYRATORY CRUSHER:
◦ Jaws are circular. Solids caught in 'V' shape between head and casing.
◦ Material is repeatedly broken in sufficiently small pieces to pass from bottom.
Speed of crushing is 125 - 425 gyrations per minute. The discharge is
continuous.
◦
◦ GYRATIONS- circular or spiraling movements
CRUSHING ROLLS
◦ Crushing rolls:
◦ Used for juice extraction. Types:
◦ Smooth roll crusher
◦ Toothed roll crushers.
◦ SMOOTH ROLL CRUSHER: Two heavy smooth faced metal rolls rotating
towards each other at same speed on parallel horizontal axes. Size
material depends on the coefficient of friction between the material.
Compressive force is involved.
CRUSHERS
◦ TOOTHED ROLL CRUSHERS:
◦ Rollers are serrated per need. Rolls rotate at different speeds and tear the feed
apart. Compression, impact and shear forces are involved.
CUTTING MACHINES
◦ Size reduction of fruits and vegetables.
◦ RIETZ MILL:
◦ rotor inside a circular screen enclosure. Rotating shaft is vertical. Rotor has
number of hammers running at fairly close clearance. Feed enters in
parallel and discharged.
◦ DISPERSION AND COLLOID MILLS:
◦ Used for fine grinding where very little breakdown of individual particles
and disruption of weakly bounded clusters are required.
TRADITIONAL MILL
◦ Consist of two circular stones that are rotated manually. Lower stone is
stationary and upper is moving. Material is fed from hole of upper stone.
Ground material is collected from outer edges of lower stone.
HAMMER MILL
◦ Widely used equipment for size reduction by impact forces. It is used to
produce wide range of products from medium to fine. Hammers or beaters
are provided for milling, grinding and crushing. It is based on impact and
shear forces.
ROLL MILL
◦ ROLL MILL: Used for fine grinding of cereals. Consist of counter rotating
rolls. Grinding depend on consistency, texture and dimension of rolls. It is
based on compression and shear forces.
PAN MILL
Consist of two to four rotating rolls revolving around an axis the center of
pan where the product to be ground is fed. Used for crushing oils and olive
seeds.
COLLOIDAL AND BALL MILL
◦ COLLOIDAL MILL:
Consists of various flat disks. So increased efficiency. Used for
oilseeds.
◦ BALL MILLS:
Materials to be crushed are enclosed in horizontal cylinder or cone
and tumbled with large number of artificial stones or balls which crush and
break the material. It is based on shear and impact forces. Used for grinding
food colors.
COLLOID MILL BALL MILL
TYPES OF MILLING
WET MILLING DRY MILLING
Process: Food material is soaked or Process: Food material is processed
immersed in water or another liquid without the use of liquid medium . It
medium to facilitate the separation of involves grinding or crushing the dry
components ingredients.
Applications: Commonly used for grains Application: Milling of grains like wheat
like corn or rice. It is often employed in for flour production and production of dry
production of ethanol from corn and in powders or granules from various food
processing of starch. materials.
Advantages: Efficient separation, higher Advantages: Cost effective, suitable to
yields, better quality. produce dry form of products
Disadvantage: Formation of lumps If Disadvantage: Danger of explosion.
moisture is too high,
THANK YOU
