Digital imag
e
processing
Lecture 32
Fundamentals
0 Let R represent the entire spatial region occupied by
an image. Image segmentation is a process that
partitions R into n sub-regions, R1, R2, …, Rn, such that
n
(a) Ri R.
i 1
(b) Ri is a connected set. i 1, 2, ..., n.
(c) Ri R j .
(d) ( Ri ) TRUE for i 1, 2, ..., n.
(e) ( Ri R j ) FALSE for any adjacent regions
Ri and R j .
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Background
0 First-order derivative
f
f '( x) f ( x 1) f ( x)
x
0 Second-order
2 derivative
f
2
f ( x 1) f ( x 1) 2 f ( x)
x
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Characteristics of First and Second Order
Derivatives
0 First-order derivatives generally produce thicker edges in
image
0 Second-order derivatives have a stronger response to fine
detail, such as thin lines, isolated points, and noise
0 Second-order derivatives produce a double-edge response
at ramp and step transition in intensity
0 The sign of the second derivative can be used to determine
whether a transition into an edge is from light to dark or
dark to light
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Detection of Isolated Points
0 The Laplacian2 2
2 f f
f ( x, y ) 2 2
x y
f ( x 1, y ) f ( x 1, y ) f ( x, y 1) f ( x, y 1)
4 f ( x, y )
9
1 if | R( x, y ) |T R wk zk
g ( x, y ) k 1
0 otherwise
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Line Detection
0 Second derivatives to result in a stronger response
and to produce thinner lines than first derivatives
0 Double-line effect of the second derivative must be
handled properly
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Detecting Line in Specified Directions
0 Let R1, R2, R3, and R4 denote the responses of the masks
in Fig. 10.6. If, at a given point in the image, |R k|>|Rj|, for
all j≠k, that point is said to be more likely associated
with a line in the direction of mask k.
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Edge Detection
0 Edges are pixels where the brightness function
changes abruptly
0 Edge models
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