The Integumentary System
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Functions of the Skin
• Protection
• Absorption
• Secretion
• Heat regulation
• Aesthetics
+ vitamin D
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Major Layers
• Epidermis
• Dermis
• Subcutaneous layer
(Hypodermis)
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Figure 5.2 Gross structure of skin and underlying tissues.
Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis
Deep fascia
Muscle
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The Epidermis
• Most superficial layers of skin
– Approx. 10-30 cells thick (epithelial)
• Cell types:
– Melanocytes
– Keratinocytes
• Stratum basale
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Dermis
• Middle layers of the skin
• Blood flow
• Hair
– Follicle
– Hair Shaft
• Glands
– Sebaceous glands
– Sweat glands (eccrine/apocrine)
• Arrector pili muscles
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Figure 5.8 Skin glands.
Sebaceous Sweat
Sebaceous gland pore
gland duct
Dermal
connective Hair in
tissue hair follicle
Eccrine
gland
Duct
Dermal
connective
tissue
Secretory cells
Photomicrograph of a Photomicrograph of
sectioned sebaceous a sectioned eccrine
gland (90) gland (140)
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Dermis (continued)
• Nails
– Lunula
– Nail bed
– Nail plate
• Cutaneous receptors (nerve endings)
– Respond to: touch, pressure changes, humidity,
heat, pain, chemical changes, etc.
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Figure 5.6 Structure of a nail.
Lunule Lateral nail fold
Free edge Nail root
of nail Eponychium
Nail (cuticle) Nail
plate Proximal matrix
nail fold
Nail bed Phalanx
(bone of fingertip)
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Subcutaneous Layer
• Deepest part of the skin
• Mainly composed of connective tissue
– Fat storage (adipocytes)
– Blood flow (veins/arteries)
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Cuts and Healing
• Step 1: Inflammation
• Step 2: Migration
• Step 3: Proliferation
• Step 4: Maturation
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Burns
• Caused by heat, chemicals, electricity, or friction
• 1st degree
• 2nd degree
• 3rd degree
• 4th degree
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Burns (continued)
• Rule of Nines
– Arm = 9%
– Leg = 18%
– Torso = 36%
– Head = 9%
– Perineum = 1%
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Figure 5.9 Burns.
Anterior values Totals
4½%
1st degree burn Anterior and posterior
head and neck, 9%
Anterior and posterior
upper limbs, 18%
2nd degree burn
4½% 4½% Anterior and posterior
trunk, 36%
Anterior
trunk, 18%
Skin bearing partial-thickness burn
(first- and second-degree burn)
3rd degree burn 9% 9%
(Perineum, 1%)
Anterior and posterior
lower limbs, 36%
100%
Skin bearing full-thickness burn
(third-degree burn) Rule of nines; used to estimate
extent of burns
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Skin Conditions and Disorders
• Scars
• Moles
• Freckles/Birthmarks
• Melanoma/Carcinoma
• Acne
• Warts
• Wrinkles
• Psoriasis
• Eczema/Rosacea
• Vitiligo
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More in-depth material;
Layers of skin
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Figure 5.1 Skin structure.
Hair shaft
Dermal papillae
Epidermis Subpapillary vascular
Papillary plexus
dermis
Sweat pore
Appendages of skin
Dermis Reticular Eccrine sweat gland
dermis Arrector pili muscle
Sebaceous (oil) gland
Hair follicle
Hair root
Subcutaneous tissue
(hypodermis; not part
of skin)) Nervous structures
Sensory nerve fiber
with free nerve endings Dermal vascular plexus
Lamellar corpuscle
Adipose tissue
Hair follicle receptor
(root hair plexus)
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Figure 5.3 Epidermal cells and layers of the epidermis.
Stratum corneum
Most superficial layer; 20–30 Keratinocytes
layers of dead cells represented
only by flat membranous sacs
filled with keratin. Glycolipids in
extracellular space.
Stratum granulosum
One to five layers of flattened
cells, organelles deteriorating;
cytoplasm full of lamellar
granules (release lipids) and
keratohyaline granules.
Stratum spinosum
Several layers of keratinocytes
unified by desmosomes. Cells
contain thick bundles of
intermediate filaments made
of pre-keratin.
Desmosomes
Stratum basale
Deepest epidermal layer; one row
of actively mitotic stem cells;
some newly formed cells become Dermis
part of the more superficial
layers. See occasional
melanocytes and dendritic cells.
Dermis Dendritic cell
Sensory Melanocyte
nerve Melanin
ending Tactile granule
epithelial cell
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Figure 5.4 Thick skin.
Epidermis
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Dermis
Stratum basale
Papillary
dermis
Dermal
papilla
Reticular
Collagen dermis
fibers
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Conditions and Diseases
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Herpes labialis
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Candidiasis: Infection of the skin or mucous membranes
by a genus of yeasts
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Psoriasis, lower extremities – Chronic skin condition
characterized by frequent episodes of redness, itching and thick,
dry scales on the skin
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Purpura – Discoloration of the skin caused by
extravasation of blood into the tissues.
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Squamous cell carcinoma – malignant tumor
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Figure 5.10 Photographs of skin cancers.
Basal cell carcinoma Squamous cell Melanoma
carcinoma
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Urticaria; hives – Eruption of itching and burning
swellings on the skin.
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Keloid – Overgrowth of scar tissue caused by excessive
collagen formation.
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Rosacea – A chronic disease of the skin of the face marked by
varying degrees of papules, pustules, erythema, telangiectasia,
and hyperplasia of the soft tissues of the nose.
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Plantar wart – A skin lesion with a rough papillomatous
surface (of viral origin)
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Miscellaneous
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Figure 5.5 Dermal modifications.
Cleavage lines
• Represent separations between underyling
collagen fiber bundles in the reticular dermis.
• Run circularly around the trunk and
longitudinally in the limbs.
• Surgical incisions parallel to cleavage lines heal
better than those made across them.
Flexure lines form where the dermis is
closely attached to the underlying structures. Friction ridges Sweat duct openings
consist of epidermal along the crests of
ridges that lie on top friction ridges help
of dermal ridges. make fingerprints.
Cleavage lines Flexure lines
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Figure 5.7a Structure of a hair and hair follicle.
Hair shaft
Arrector
pili
Sebaceous Follicle wall
gland
Peripheral connective
Hair root tissue (fibrous) sheath
Hair bulb Glassy membrane
Epithelial root sheath
External root sheath
Internal root sheath
Hair
Cuticle
Cortex
Medulla
Diagram of a cross section of a
hair within its follicle
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Figure 5.7b Structure of a hair and hair follicle.
Follicle wall
Peripheral connective
tissue (fibrous) sheath
Glassy membrane
Epithelial root sheath
External root sheath
Internal root sheath
Hair
Cuticle
Cortex
Medulla
Photomicrograph of a cross section of a hair and
hair follicle (120)
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Figure 5.7c Structure of a hair and hair follicle.
Hair shaft
Follicle wall
Peripheral connective
Glassy membrane tissue (fibrous) sheath
Arrector
pili Epithelial root sheath
External root sheath
Sebaceous Internal root sheath
gland
Hair root
Hair root Cuticle
Cortex
Hair bulb
Medulla
Hair matrix
Dermal papilla
Melanocyte
Subcutaneous
adipose tissue
Diagram of a longitudinal view of the expanded hair
bulb of the follicle, which encloses the matrix
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Figure 5.7d Structure of a hair and hair follicle.
Follicle wall
Peripheral connective
tissue (fibrous) sheath
Glassy membrane
Epithelial root sheath
External root sheath
Internal root sheath
Hair root
Cuticle
Cortex
Medulla
Hair matrix
Dermal papilla
Subcutaneous
adipose tissue
Photomicrograph of longitudinal view of the
hair bulb in the follicle (150)
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