Unit 3
HOW DO ORGANISMS
SUSTAIN THEMSELVES?
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Unit 3- How do organisms sustain themselves? The human body’s
systems interact to support the common function of maintaining a
person’s health
Conceptual Understanding that the unit aims to develop:
•
● How do organisms sustain themselves?
•● The human body’s systems interact to support the common function of
maintaining a person’s health.
•● Understand that there are systems in the body that allow the body to fulfill the
requisites of life
•● Understand the structure of the digestive, ventilation and cardiovascular
systems and their function in supplying cells with their requirements.
• ● Why do the conditions within organisms need to be kept in balance?
•● How do elements essential for life cycle between the environment and
organisms?
•● How far is the use of synthetic elements to manipulate natural body systems
for aesthetic or health related purposes fair?
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Unit 3- How do organisms sustain themselves? The human body’s
systems interact to support the common function of maintaining a
person’s health
• Factual Knowledge that is needed to develop the conceptual understanding:
● Balanced diet ○ Specific nutrients the organisms need to survive, some basic
details about their function and structure.[ Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Minerals,
Vitamins, fibre and Water]
• ● Food tests: Tests for presence of nutrients in food
• ● Human Digestive System: organs involved in digestion, absorption and egestion
of food, and the role of enzymes and surface area
• ● Respiratory System: the process of ventilation and the relationship between form
and function of the lungs.
• ● Circulatory System: Organs and processes involved in movement and transport of
nutrient and gases., Structure and function of Heart
• ● Movement and Transport at cellular level: Osmosis
• ● Homeostasis
• ● Carbon cycle
• ● Nitrogen Cycle
•
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Concepts and Context
Statement of Inquiry: Key Concept
– System
– Organisms adapt
and evolve over
time through •Related Concept
transformations to – Energy
survive and thrive – Balance
in changing – Environment
environments.
•Global Context
– Orientation in space and time
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Biology
Components of
diet
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Why do we need food?
Humans need to consume a balanced diet
which contains a variety of different types
of food.
A chemical that is needed by the body to
keep it in good health is called a nutrient.
The main nutrients the body needs are:
carbohydrates for energy;
proteins for growth and repair;
fats to store energy;
vitamins and minerals to keep the body healthy.
The amount of each food type needed is related to the
proportions in the food pyramid.
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A balanced diet
A balanced diet includes all the things that your body
needs. To achieve this, you need to eat
a range of different types of food
in the right proportions.
This pie chart shows the various
different food groups in their
recommended proportions.
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Carbohydrates
Starchy foods contain carbohydrates which are made of
long chains of identical small sugar molecules.
Carbohydrates are made from the elements carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen.
carbohydrate one sugar
molecule molecule
The long chains of carbohydrates are broken down into the
smaller sugar molecules by the body.
The small molecules from carbohydrates are used by the
body to release energy and make the body work.
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Carbohydrates
Foods containing carbohydrates
Rice
Breads
Fruit
Biscuits
Pasta
Breakfast
Potatoes
cereals
Root vegetables
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Proteins
Proteins are made of long chains of small molecules. In
proteins, these small molecules are not identical.
protein one
molecule amino
acid
Proteins are made up of chains of small molecules called
amino acids. There are over 20 different kinds of amino acid.
Proteins are used by the body for growth and repair.
Proteins are made from atoms of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
and nitrogen. Some proteins also contain sulfur.
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Proteins
Foods containing proteins
Eggs
Meat Fish
Lentils
Chick peas Nuts
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Fats
Fats are made up of fat molecules which contain fatty acids
and glycerol.
fat fatty
molecule acids
glycerol
Fat molecules have to be broken down by the body so that
they can be used for energy storage.
Fats are also used by the body to keep heat in and to make
cell membranes.
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Fats
Fats are also used for energy, but only when stores of
carbohydrate run low.
Weight-for-weight, fat
contains more than twice
as much energy as
carbohydrates or
proteins. However, lots
of oxygen is required to
release this energy.
This means that energy
can only be released
slowly from fats.
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The two types of fat
There are two types of fats:
Saturated fats – these are usually found in
foods such as milk, butter, cheese and meat.
Unsaturated fats – these are usually found
in foods such as fish oils, cooking oils and
sunflower seed oil.
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Fats
Foods containing fats
Butter Cooking oil
Margarine Meat
Sausages
Cakes
Cream
Cheese
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Food into energy
As we know, our bodies obtain energy from carbohydrates,
fats and proteins. Let’s compare the energy we obtain from
these nutrients:
1 gram of carbohydrate = 17.1 kj
1 gram of protein = 18.2 kj
1 gram of fat = 38.9 kj
How much energy is there in 30 grams of carbohydrate?
How much energy is there in 15 grams of fat?
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Vitamins
Your body needs vitamins to help it work normally.
Vitamins are needed for many functions including:
releasing energy from
food
repair and growth of
tissues
resisting infection and
disease
regulating chemical
reactions in the body.
Fruit and vegetables contain a lot of vitamins.
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Vitamins
This table gives information about some important vitamins:
Vitamin Found in Why is it needed
Vitamin A Fish, milk, vegetables, eggs andEyesight, healthy
cheese skin
Vitamin C Fruit (especially citrus fruits) Healthy teeth and gums,
and vegetables avoiding scurvy
Vitamin B1 Whole-grain foods, nuts Breaking down
and meat carbohydrates
Animal products. Also made Absorbing calcium and
Vitamin D
in the body when the sun phosphorous, avoiding
rickets
shines on the skin
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Minerals
Minerals are basic elements that are found in the air
and the earth.
The body needs small amounts of certain minerals in
order to stay healthy.
Mineral Found in Why is it needed
Calcium Vegetables, dairy products and Keeping bones and teeth
dried fish hard
Red meat, liver, beans, Making blood, preventing
Iron
lentils and green vegetables tiredness and anaemia
Iodine Seafood and dairy Maintaining the thyroid
products gland
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Fibre
Fibre is actually a substance called cellulose. It is found in
the cell walls of plants.
Fruit, vegetables and whole-
grain cereals are good
sources of dietary fibre.
Fibre cannot be digested, but it is required
to aid the smooth working of our digestive system.
People who eat too little fibre often suffer from
constipation and may run a higher risk of bowel cancer.
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Water
The body is mainly composed of water.
Approximately 60% of
an adult’s weight and
approximately 80% of
a child’s weight is
made up of water.
It is vitally important 60%
that you drink 80%
enough water.
Dehydration can
seriously damage
performance.
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Water
Water plays an integral part in
regulating our body temperature
when exercising.
When we exercise, the body
secretes water as sweat. As the
sweat evaporates off our skin, it
takes heat with it, helping the
body to stay cool.
We also lose water through
breathing. This is why glass mists
up when we breathe on it – the
water vapour in our breath
condenses on the cold surface.
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Water and health
Drinking adequate amounts of water regularly throughout the
day can help to protect health and contribute to well-being.
Drinking plenty of water can help prevent a
range of health problems including
headaches, bladder, kidney and bowel
problems and even cancer.
Water does not contain sugar, additives,
sweeteners, acids or caffeine, all of which
are associated with health problems.
Water can aid learning – when you are
thirsty, mental performance deteriorates by
10%. It is easier to concentrate when you
are not distracted by effects of dehydration
such as thirst, tiredness and irritability.
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How the food you eat affects
your brain?
[Link]
v=xyQY8a-ng6g&ab_channel=TED-Ed
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