Practical
Research 2
Literature Review
It is the process of compiling,
classifying, and evaluating what other
researchers have written on a certain
topic
Purposes of
Reviewing a Literature
[Link] builds the confidence of the
researcher as he or she fully
understands the variables being
studied
[Link] shows similar studies conducted
which, in turn, become the
springboard of discussion as the
researcher may agree or disagree
with the current results
Purposes of
Reviewing a Literature
3. Fellow researchers will see the
objectivity of the study as they read a
review of literature and related sources
similar in research or conceptual
framework
4. Reviewing a body of literature on the
topic makes the research study
empirical
Characteristics of a Good Literature
Review
[Link] clearly the subject matter to be reviewed
[Link] all important relevant literature
c. Is up-to-date
[Link] an insightful analysis of the ideas and
conclusions in the literature
Characteristics of a Good Literature
Review
e. Points out similarities and differences, and
strengths and weaknesses in the literature
f. Identifies gaps in the literature for future research
g. Clarifies the context for which the literature is
important
Preparing a
Literature Review
[Link] a topic
[Link] credible sources
a. General encyclopedia – a book or set of
books giving brief information on different
subjects typically arranged alphabetically
Preparing a
Literature Review
b. General interest magazines and
newspapers – periodically printed publications
that consists of news, feature articles,
advertisements, and correspondence
c. Specialized magazines – periodicals that
focus on a special topic or subject of interest
Preparing a
Literature Review
d. Reference materials – textbooks and general
information pamphlets
e. Government documents – legal documents,
government issuances, copies of laws and orders
f. Vertical files – documents created by libraries for
the purpose of grouping information on a specific
subject
Preparing a
Literature Review
g. Theses/dissertations – documents in support of
candidature for an academic qualification presenting the
author’s research and findings, and are usually created
in academic institutions
h. Scholarly books – references that disseminate
research and academic discussion among professionals
and experts within disciplines
Preparing a
Literature Review
i. Academic journals – a periodical
publication in which scholarly research by field
experts and academicians is published. This is
usually peer-reviewed by experts within the
same field
Preparing a
Literature Review
Tips in evaluating internet sources:
1. Governmental or educational sources are
preferred than commercial ones
2. The presence of ads on a website means it
is a commercial site, which makes it less
credible
Preparing a
Literature Review
Tips in evaluating internet sources:
3. Authored documents are preferred than non-
authored ones
4. Documents that are also available in print
are preferred over those only available online
Preparing a
Literature Review
Tips in evaluating internet sources:
5. Recently updated websites are better
6. Websites that document their claims are more
credible compared to those without sources
7. Popular sites that disseminate fake news and
misinformation must be avoided
Preparing a
Literature Review
Types of Reading:
1. Elementary reading
The basic type of reading. It involves the mere
recognition of the words and the literal
comprehension of the sentences
Preparing a
Literature Review
Types of Reading:
2. Systematic Skimming
This is a type of reading in which the articles or
materials are discerned if they can be included for
analysis
Preparing a
Literature Review
Types of Reading:
3. Analytical reading
It is a process of breaking the whole article into
parts for better understanding – putting annotations,
using dictionary, and asking basic questions
Preparing a
Literature Review
Types of Reading:
4. Comparative reading
The highest level of reading, in which the
researcher analyzes several articles – comparing and
contrasting various point of views and principles
Preparing a
Literature Review
3. Organizing the content and structure of
literature review
a. The literature review is an exposition of
background knowledge for further research
b. The selected literature can be placed in
various sections of the research study
Preparing a
Literature Review
3. Organizing the content and structure of literature
review
c. An intelligent synthesis of the literature must be
presented in the research paper
d. An effective and practical management of
collected literature will facilitate both the analysis and
synthesis of literature
Conducting a Review of
Literature
[Link] for relevant materials
Materials relevant to the research are
those that carry information about the topic.
Systematic skimming can be conducted to
identify related literature
Conducting a Review of
Literature
2. Actual reading
One needs to do analytical reading to
understand what the literature is saying
about the topic – must be defined and
discussed thoroughly
Conducting a Review of
Literature
3. Note-taking
Using a note card can facilitate the
management of information
Conducting a Review of
Literature
Source:
________________________________________
Significant information:
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
________
Variables:
______________________________________
Type:
Strategies for Reading and
Review
Highlighting
Utilized by a researcher for the
effective analysis of relevant reading
materials by using marks and
symbols to facilitate the reading
process.
Strategies for Reading and
Review
Annotations
Remarks, ideas, and opinions
that the researcher writes during the
analysis and synthesis of related
materials or sources
Ethical Standards in
Research Writing
[Link] with professional
colleagues
a. Report findings with complete
honesty
b. Do not intentionally
misinform, mislead, and/or
misinterpret
Ethical Standards in
Research Writing
[Link] with professional
colleagues
c. Give appropriate credit when
using other people’s work
d. Avoid plagiarism by fully
acknowledging all content belonging
to others
Ethical Standards in
Research Writing
2. Protection from harm
a. Researchers should not expose
their participants to physical or
psychological harm
b. The participants should be
aware and express their consent to
participate in case a study contains a
certain amount of psychological
discomfort
Ethical Standards in
Research Writing
3. Right to privacy
a. Researchers should protect the
privacy of their participants
b. The nature and quality of
individual participant’s performance
should be kept strictly confidential
To make Research
acceptable and ethical:
1. In Authorship
The person who wrote the entire
paper must be given due credit as
he/she made a significant intellectual
contribution to the study
To make Research
acceptable and ethical:
Criteria to be considered as an
author:
• Substantial contribution to the
study
• Drafting or revising article for
intellectual content
• Approval of the final version
To make Research
acceptable and ethical:
Unethical practices in authorship:
• Misconduct
Lies on the aspect of the roles
played by the authors and the amount
of their contributions
To make Research
acceptable and ethical:
Unethical practices in authorship:
• Listings
Authors who deserve to be listed
are not listed and vice versa
To make Research
acceptable and ethical:
Unethical practices in authorship:
• Robbery
An individual’s original idea is
taken by another individual who
appears to be the author
To make Research
acceptable and ethical:
Unethical practices in authorship:
• Permit
An individual is listed as author
without his or her consent
To make Research
acceptable and ethical:
Different form of Authorships:
• Coercion authorship
This form uses intimidation to gain
authorship
To make Research
acceptable and ethical:
Different form of Authorships:
• Honorary authorship
This is also called a guest of gift
authorship accorded to an established
author to gain favor or to give the
paper a greater sense of legitimacy
To make Research
acceptable and ethical:
Different form of Authorships:
• Mutual support authorship
Two or more investigators include
their names as co-authors of each
other’s papers to enhance their
perceived productivity
To make Research
acceptable and ethical:
Different form of Authorships:
• Ghost authorship
This involves papers that are
written by people who are not
included as authors or are not
acknowledged
To make Research
acceptable and ethical:
Different form of Authorships:
• Denial of authorship
A work is published without
acknowledging or bestowing
authorship on people who made
substantial contributions to the work
To make Research
acceptable and ethical:
2. Conflict of Interest
Usually arises in situations that
involve financial aspects, dual
commitments, and competing issues.
To make Research
acceptable and ethical:
3. Plagiarism
It is a malpractice where an author
deliberately uses the research work of
other authors without proper citation
or permission
To make Research
acceptable and ethical:
Forms of Plagiarism:
• Literal copying
Often called as “copy-and-paste”
method, this is copying the exact
words, phrases, or sentences without
permission.
To make Research
acceptable and ethical:
Forms of Plagiarism:
• Substantial copying
This is using research materials,
processes, tables, and instruments of
other researchers
To make Research
acceptable and ethical:
Forms of Plagiarism:
• Paraphrase plagiarism
This is using another author’s
ideas in a way that the material is not
copied word for word but the general
concept and essence is the same,
without proper citation
To make Research
acceptable and ethical:
Forms of Plagiarism:
• Text-recycling
Also called “self-plagiarism”, this
is when parts of an author’s own
published work are reused or
reproduced in his new publication
without citing the original source
To make Research
acceptable and ethical:
Ways of avoiding Plagiarism:
• Citation
The complete source or reference
must be placed after the copied
phrase or sentence using the
prescribed format of citations
To make Research
acceptable and ethical:
Ways of avoiding Plagiarism:
• Paraphrasing
This is a process by which the
information to be lifted is rephrased
into one’s own words or based on how
you understood the information
To make Research
acceptable and ethical:
Ways of avoiding Plagiarism:
• Quoting
When using materials from one’s
own former writings, one has to quote
himself of not more than 40 words or
paraphrase to avoid self-plagiarism
To make Research
acceptable and ethical:
Ways of avoiding Plagiarism:
• Referencing
This is done in conjunction with
citations. The prescribed format must
be followed for this
To make Research
acceptable and ethical:
4. Simultaneous Submission
It is the responsibility of a
researcher to ensure that the paper
he is submitting for publication is
original and has never been published
before.
To make Research
acceptable and ethical:
5. Fraud
It is an unethical practice when the
researcher published data and results
without the actual conduct of research.
This can either be fabrication
(manipulation of data without actually
conducting an investigation) or
falsification (manipulation of data for
personal gain)
To make Research
acceptable and ethical:
6. Salami Slicing
It is the unethical practice of
dividing a research paper into parts or
subsections and sending these parts
for publication
Principles for Research
Ethics
[Link] intellectual property frankly
The “publish or perish” mindset will cause a
big trouble when it comes to who gets credits in
authorship
Principles for Research
Ethics
2. Be conscious of multiple roles
The different roles of being an instructor and
a research adviser must be properly defined and
separated
Principles for Research
Ethics
3. Follow informed consent rules
Any participant must be properly informed of
his or her involvement in totality
Principles for Research
Ethics
4. Respect confidentiality and privacy
Observing confidentiality and privacy includes discussion of
the limits of confidentiality, knowledge on national laws, taking
practical security measures, data sharing, and
understanding the limit of the internet
Principles for Research
Ethics
5. Tap into ethics resources
It is very important that any individual who
involves himself in research must know their
obligations and the resources relevant to ethics
to avoid dilemmas
THANK
YOU
