GI Hormones
By:
Dr. M. P. S. Bhadoria
INTRODUCTION
• GIT is the largest endocrine organ in the body.
• Normally cells are clumped but they are dispersed
through out the gastric intestinal mucosa.
• Cells called APUD (Amine Precursor uptake and
decarboxylation) cells.
• They originate in neural crest and migrate to pancreas
and gut mucosa.
• Hormones belongs to ‘Local Hormones’
• Hormone released by -
Nervous activity
Distention
Chemical stimulation
FUNCTIONS
• Regulate secretory activity and motility of GIT.
• Influence water and electrolyte secretion.
• Affect enzyme secretion
• Trophic effect.
• Responsible for endocrine secretions.
• Affect absorption process.
CLASSIFICATION
• Gastrin family- gastrin & CCK
• Secretin family- secretin, GIP,Glucagon & VIP
• Other polypeptide- Motilin, Neurotensin,
Glycentin, Bombesin, Somatostatin,
neuropeptide-Y etc.
Gastrin
• Source-
1. ‘G’ cells of pyloric antrum.
2. ‘G’ cells of duodenum
3. Pancreatic islets in foetus
4. Anterior pituitary
5. Hypothalamus
• Depending on the number of amino acids gastrin is divided
into:
1. Little gastrin: G17 - accounts for 90% of antral gastrin. It is
the principal form - more active physiologicaIly.
2. Big gastrin: G34 - amount of this type is seen after meal. It is
not as active as G17 and it is not a polymer. G34 can be
converted into G17 by trypsin.
• Actions-
1. Stimulates HCI and pepsin secretion from stomach.
2. Stimulates the growth of gastric mucosa, small intestinal
mucosa. Stimulates RNA, DNA and protein synthesis.
3. Stimulates the secretion of insulin and glucagon.
4. Stimulates the release of calcitonin, which in turn inhibits
gastrin secretion.
5. Contraction of gastro-oesophageal sphincter.
6. Gastrin stimulates pancreatic secretion.
7. It increases antral motility, but prolongs gastric emptying.
8. It increases ileal and colon motility and relaxes ileocecal
sphincter.
9. It stimulates histamine secretion from ECL cells.
10. It activates gastro-colic reflex.
Gastrin secretion regulation-
• Stimulation of Gastrin secretion-
1. Vagal stimulation during cephalic and gastric phase of
gastric secretion
2. distention of gastric mucosa
3. Local neural reflex
4. Proteins present in food, insulin, cortisol and histamine
• Inhibition of Gastrin-
Acid, Calcitonin, Somatostatin
Disorders-
1. Pernicious anemia
2. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
Pernicious Anemia.
• RBC maturation failure disorder ,it is failure to absorb vitamin B12
from the gastrointestinal tract.
• Abnormality present is: An atrophic gastric mucosa that fails to
produce normal gastric secretions.
– Normally ,the parietal cells of the gastric glands secrete a
glycoprotein called intrinsic factor, which combines with vitamin
B12 in food and makes the B12 available for absorption by the gut.
• The lack of B12 absorption is often due to the destruction of the
parietal cells in the stomach lining, which produce the intrinsic factor
necessary for the absorption of B12
• This can lead to a decrease in the number of RBCs, resulting in
anemia.
• Symptoms of pernicious anemia include weakness, fatigue,
dizziness, and pale skin, among others.
• TREATMENT: Vitamin B12 Supplementation
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome-
• Is a rare disorder characterized by gastrin-secreting tumors and
hypersecretion of gastric acid, resulting in peptic ulcers and
eventually gastrointestinal bleeding.
• The tumors are typically located in the pancreas or duodenum
• Cause an excess of gastrin production, leading to increased acid
production in the stomach.
• Symptoms : Include abdominal pain, diarrhea, fatigue, and weight
loss.
• Treatment : Usually involves proton pump inhibitors to decrease
acid production and surgical removal of the tumors.
Cholecystokinin-Pancreozymin
(CCK-Pz)
• Produced from the upper small intestinal mucosa by ‘I’ cells.
• Secretion Stimulated by acid, protein, fat digested products in
duodenum.
Actions-
1. Contraction of gall bladder resulting in emptying of bile into the
duodenum
2. Secretion of pancreatic juice
3. Augmentation of secretin action in the production of alkaline
pancreatic secretion
4. Relaxes sphincter of Oddi.
5. Inhibit gastric emptying.
6. Stimulate the secretion of enterokinase
7. Stimulate glucagon secretion.
8. Stimulate the growth of exocrine pancreas by
increasing protein synthesis
9. Increase the motility of the small intestine and
the colon
10. Along with secretin it increases the tone of
pyloric sphincter
11. It may have role in regulation of food intake. It
causes satiety.
Secretin
• 1st hormone that was discovered, by Bayliss & Starling in1902.
• Secreted by- ‘S’ cell of the duodenal mucosa
• Stimulus for its release- presence of acid in the duodenum
Actions-
1. Stimulates secretion of HCO3- and water from the centroacinar
cells and duct cells of pancreas. Helps in neutralization of the
acid, coming from stomach.
NaHCO3 + HCl → NaCl + H2CO3
2. Stimulate hepatic bile secretion
3. It Augments of secretion of enzymes by enhancing the action of
CCK on pancreas.
4. Inhibit the gastric acid secretion & gastric motilily
5. Along with CCK-PZ, it increases the tone of pyloric sphincter
6. Stimulates insulin secretion and small intestinal secretions.
Somatostatin
• Polypeptide with 14 amino acids
• Also called growth hormone inhibitory hormone
Sources-
1. Hypothalamus
2. ‘D’ cells of stomach and small intestine
3. ‘D’ cells of pancreas
Actions-
4. Inhibits secretion of gastrin, VIP, GIP, seretin and motilin
5. Inhibits insulin, glucagon and pancreatic polypeptide secretion
6. Inhibits gastric acid and enzymes secretion
7. Inhibits gastric motility
8. Inhibits pancreatic exocrine secretion
6. Inhibits contraction of gall bladder
7. Inhibits absorption of glucose etc.
8. Inhibits the release of growth hormone
9. May acts as a neurotransmitter in CNS.
Disorders-
• Somatostatinoma- tumor of the somatostatin secreting cellls
Features are-
1. Diabetes mellitus (type 2 diabetes)
2. Diarrhoea
3. Achlorohydria
4. Steatorrhoea
5. Gallstone
S.No. Hormone Sources Functions
17 Guanylin It is a polypeeptide Regulate Cl- secretion in the
with15 AA intestine
-paneth cells
- Cells of crypts of
lieberkuhn
18 Neurotensin - ‘N’ cell of GIT 1. Inhibit gastric motility
- Brain 2. Stimulate gastrin release
3. Stimulate insulin & glucagon
secretion
4. Act as a neurotransmitter
Leptin / Adipose tissue 1.Stimulate BMR
19 product of Site of action- 2. Correlation of onset of
Ob gene hypothalamus, puberty and critical body weight
brown adipose
tissues cells brain
vasculature
S.No. Hormone Sources Functions
20 Chymodenin Duodenal mucosa Selective secretion of
chymotrypsinogen from
pancreatic aciner cell
21 Bombesin 14 AA , Amphibian 1. Increase gastrin secretion
origin , entire GIT 2. 2. increase motility of GB
and small intestine
22 TRH Intestine 1. Unknown
23 ACTH intestine 1. Unknown
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