Introduction to Iot
Course Code : 6131A
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SYLLABUS
Program : Diploma in Computer Engineering
Course Code : 6131 A Course Title : Introduction to IoT
Semester : 6 Credits : 4
Course Category : Program Elective
Periods per week : 4 (L:3 T:1 P:0) Periods per semester : 60
Course Objectives:
Provide knowledge on the basic building blocks of IoT and its applications.
Familiarise different protocols used in IoT.
Introduce the relationship between IoT and cloud.
Explore the implementations of IoT.
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SYLLABUS
Course Prerequisites:
Topic Course Code Course Name Semester
Embedded Systems and Real
Embedded Systems 5131 5
Tile Operating System
Computer Networking Computer Communication &
4132 4
Concepts and Protocols Networks
Programming Concepts 3132 Programming in C 3
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COURSE OUTCOMES
On the completion of the course student will be able to:
Duration Cogitative
COn Description
(Hours) level
Explain the fundamental concepts of Internet of Things
CO1 13 Understanding
(IoT)
CO2 Interpret the protocols used in IoT infrastructure 13 Understanding
CO3 Explain the use of cloud for IoT 12 Understanding
Illustrate the development of IoT applications with
CO4 20 Understanding
Embedded Computing Boards.
Series Test 2
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MODULE I
Fundamental Concepts of Internet of Things (IoT)
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MODULE I - OUTCOMES
Module outcomes
On the completion of the module student will be able to:
Module Duration
Description Cognitive Level
Outcomes (Hours)
CO1 Explain the fundamental concepts of Internet of Things (IoT)
M1.01 Outline the key features of Internet of Things 2 Understanding
Explain IoT Hardware, protocols and software using IoT
M1.02 4 Understanding
Stack
M1.03 Summarize different IoT enabling technologies 3 Understanding
M1.04 Classify IoT based on the complexity to build and operate 3 Understanding
M1.05 Explain challenges in IoT 1 Understanding
Contents:
Introduction and Definition of IoT, Applications , Characteristics , Things in IoT, IoT Stack,
IoT enabling Technologies, IoT challenges, IoT Levels
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Definition of IoT
IoT refers to the interconnection via the Internet of
computing devices embedded in everyday objects,
enabling them to send and receive data.
IoT can also defined as the analysis of data to
generate a meaningful action, triggered
subsequently after the interchange of data.
IoT is not owned by any one engineering branch
IoT is a reality when multiple domains come
together.
IoT is a combination of technologies and domain
knowledge.
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Growth of Internet
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Application areas of IoT
IoT can be used to build applications
for,
Agriculture
Asset tracking
Energy sector
Safety and security sector
Defence
Embedded applications
Education
Waste management
Healthcare products
Telemedicine
Smart city applications
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Characteristics of IoT
The main characteristics are :
Connectivity
Intelligence and identity
Scalability
Dynamic and self-adapting (Complexity)
Architecture
Safety
1. Connectivity
Things in IoT should be connected to IoT infrastructure .
Anyone, anywhere, anytime connectivity should be guaranteed at all times
2. Intelligence and Identity
Extraction of knowledge from the generated data is very important.
Sensor generated data should be interpreted correctly
Each IoT device is uniquely identified by ip address helps to track the equipment.
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Characteristics of IoT ….
3. Scalability
The number of elements connected to IoT zone is increasing day by day.
Hence, an IoT setup should be capable of handling the massive expansion.
4. Dynamic and self – adapting (Complexity)
IoT devices should dynamically adapt themselves to the changing contexts and
scenario.
5. Architecture
It cannot be homogeneous in nature.
It should be hybrid, support different manufacturer’s product to function in the
IoT network.
6. Safety
Sensitive personal data should be secured. Equipment safety is also important
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Things in IoT
“ THINGS = HARDWARE + SOFTWARE +
SERVICE “
Things in IoT refers to a variety of devices.
Thing in a network can monitor/measure. Eg
temperature sensor
Things are capable of exchanging data with other
connected devices in system.
Data could be stored in cloud, processed there and
a control action could be initiated and the devices
involved in getting this accomplished is known as
things.
Eg: Industrial motors, wearables (watch),
vehicles, shoes, heart monitoring implants etc
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IoT Stack
IoT stack is a seven layered architecture. Application Layer
1. Sensor (Physical) Layer
User Experience Layer
2. Processing and Control action Layer
3. Hardware Interface Layer
Session (Message) Layerr
4. RF Layer
5. Session (Message) Layer
RF Layer
6. User Experience Layer
7. Application Layer
Hardware Interface Layer
Processing and Control Action
Layer
Sensor (Physical) Layer
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IoT Stack ….
Layer 1 – Sensor (Physical) Layer
Sensors are the core componet.
Eg: temperature sensor, pressure sensor etc.
In industrial automation actuators are
considered as components.
This layer is responsible for data collection
Selection of sensor is a challenge
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IoT Stack ….
Layer 2 – Processing and Control Action Layer
It Contains core components of IoT.
The microcontrollers or processors are found in
this layer.
The data are received by microcontrollers from
the sensors
Variety of development kits available - Arduino,
NodeMCU, PIC, ARM, etc.
OS play a major role (Android, IOS, Linux…)
and execute the task.
The data collected from the sensors is processed
in this layer.
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IoT Stack ….
Layer 3 – Hardware Interface Layer 4 – RF Layer
Layer It plays a major role in communication
The hardware components and channel, the signal may be short
communication standards ( RS232, range/long range.
CAN, SPI etc) occupy this layer. Protocols used for communication and
All these components ensure transport of data based on RF are Wi-Fi,
flawless communication. Bluetooth, Zigbee, Zwave, RFID etc.
Alternate for RF is Li-Fi
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IoT Stack ….
Layer 5 – Session/Message Layer Layer 6 – User Experience Layer
It says how messages are broadcasted to This layer is concerned with the end
cloud. user experience.
It support messaging protocols such as Object oriented programming
MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry languages, scripting languages,
Transport), CoAP (Constrained analytics tools etc are included in this
Application Protocol). layer.
It also supports SSH and FTP protocols.
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IoT Stack ….
Layer 7 – Application Layer
Everything comes to perfection.
Deals with possible applications that can be built
with the support of other layers.
It can range from simple application to to complex
applications.
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IoT Enabling Technologies
IoT enabling technologies or devices are classified into four groups
1. Technologies that help in acquiring or sensing data
2. Technologies that help in analysing or processing data
3. Technologies that help in taking control action
4. Technologies that help in enhancing security or privacy.
Some of the enabling technologies includes :
Sensors
Cloud computing
Big data analytics
Embedded computing boards
Communication protocols
User Interfaces
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IoT Enabling Technologies …..
A. Sensors
They are the heart of any IoT applications.
They sense the environment and retrieve data.
They are the starting point of any IoT application.
Sensors could be analog or digital.
Examples
Camera used in home security systems.
Weather tracking system uses temperature/humidity/moisture sensors.
Thermometer etc
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IoT Enabling Technologies …..
B. Cloud Computing
The technology of cloud computing helps to store the data.
As a data storage option cloud serves as an affordable , effective and
efficient medium for data storage
Cloud services are categorized as :
IaaS – Infrastructure – as – a - Service
PaaS – Platform - as - a - Service
SaaS – Software - as - a - Service
IaaS – Infrastructure – as – a – Service
It is a form of cloud computing that provides virtualized computing
resources over the internet
The users manage the machines, select the OS and underlying
application and pay per their use
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IoT Enabling Technologies …..
B. Cloud Computing
PaaS – Platform – as – a – Service
The cloud service provider delivers hardware and software tools needed for
application development to users over the Internet
A PaaS provider hosts the hardware and software on its own infrastructure
Users have to build manage and maintain the applications as per their requirement
SaaS – Software – as – a – Service
A complete software application is provided to the user.
It can also be called application as a service.
This service can be availed by paying a monthly, yearly etc subscription
Examples of Cloud service providers are Amazon web services, Microsoft Azure
and Adafruit
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IoT Enabling Technologies …..
C. Big Data Analytics
IoT is collecting data from various sensory nodes.
Data is fundamental thing to make the application a success
The biggest challenges with big data is its volume, variety, speed and its veracity and
are referred as the 4Vs of big data.
1. Volume (Scale) : Huge volume of data is generated every minute. Storage has
become in expensive , hence cost related challenges have reduced
2. Variety (Complexity) : Data no longer comes from one single source. It comes in
different forms. It has to be interpreted systematically.
3. Velocity (Speed) : It is a rate at which new data is being created. It is very fast. Data
dynamics changes very frequently.
4. Veracity (Data in doubt) : How accurate is all this data anyway? The data’s nature
alters dynamically and is often seen.
Data analytics is the enabling technologies for building a complete and
comprehensive IoT application.
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IoT Enabling Technologies …..
D. Embedded Computing Boards
An embedded computing board is a very important component to bring IoT design to
reality
Most of the computing boards available in the market are driven by microcontrollers
or processors.
Eg: Raspberry pi, Arduino, Node MCU, Intel Edison etc
All boards are small and smart.
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IoT Enabling Technologies …..
E. Communication Protocols
Protocols are the pillars for IoT communication.
Data exchange happens through these protocols and can be done as follows:
Addressing, Format of the message, Message security, Routing, Flow control
Error monitoring, Sequencing ,Retransmission guidelines , Segmentation of the data packets
F. User Interface
All devices must have an user interface.
The accessing and handling the services are easier and comfortable for the end user.
The end user shall be provided with “mobile application or web application
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IoT Challenges
The important challenges faced while developing an IoT application are:
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IoT Challenges….
1. Security/Personnel Safety : 2. Privacy :
Number of devices used in IoT One could be tracked/monitored by
applications are high, so user data anyone as we are connected to the
becomes more vulnerable to theft . internet
So it becomes to make sure data is safe User data may be tracked without the
People’s personal safety is also a host’s permission in place
concern and challenge.
The implants and wearable used by 3. Data extraction with consistency
people should be safe and the devices from complex environment:
should not cause any physical damage To sense/extract data from complex
to the person using it. environments.
Since many devices are in loop, if one Data extraction and storage in the
device gets attacked, then the rest of the cloud could be more challenging.
devices could also become vulnerable Extracting data inside a room is
different from extracting data from an
open environment
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IoT Challenges….
4. Connectivity : 6. Complexity involved :
IoT is not easy
It is an important challenge.
It needs a lot of different domains to
The requirement of wired and wireless
connectivity of devices are necessary. integrate into a cohesive system.
There is very limited expertise
available but its growth is rapid.
5. Power Requirements :
All IoT devices require power and 7. Storage :
Cloud is mandatory for data storage
most of them are battery operated
Long-lasting batteries that are and analysis.
The challenges are :
economical demand for power is on Which cloud do we use (public, private or
the rise hybrid)?
Usage of green power sources such as How do we identify the service provider?
solar and wind should be motivated How must does it cost?
Do we really need cloud?
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Levels of IoT
Based on the architectural approach, IoT can be classified into five levels.
They are Level 1 to Level 5.
Level 1 is less complex and Level 5 is more complex.
Level 1
Level 1 IoT has minimum complexity and easy to build.
The Level 1 IoT has normally one sensor. (Temperature / Pressure Sensor)
The data sensed is stored locally and the data analysis is done locally.
Data generated in this level is not a big data.
All the controls happens through the internet.
Eg: Smart home
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Levels of IoT ….
Level 2
It is more complex than Level 1.
Data are huge, hence cloud storage is preferred.
Frequency of sensing is faster.
Analysis is carried out locally.
Control action can be triggered through web/mobile applications.
Eg: Smart factory
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Levels of IoT ….
Level 3
Data is huge/voluminous.
Frequency of sensing done by the sensor is faster.
Data stored in the cloud.
Analysis is carried out on the cloud.
The control action can be triggered trough the web/mobile application.
Eg: Agriculture application
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Levels of IoT ….
Level 4
Multiple nodes are present, which are independent of each other.
These nodes uploads data to the cloud.
Analysis also carried out on the cloud.
Eg: Courier tracking system.
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Levels of IoT ….
Level 5
The amount of data is extensive and
sensed much faster.
Multiple nodes are involved and are
independent of each other.
Sensing of data and storage is cloud
based.
The application is completely cloud
oriented and it is computationally
intensive in real time.
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IoT in a nutshell
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Thank
You
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