‫بسم الله‬

UNIVERSITY OF
‫الرحيم‬
SOMALIA ‫الرحمن‬
Vitamins
By BAADIYOOW 08-10-2024
ML23
Classification of Vitamins
Classification is based on solubility
Eight water-soluble: B vitamin
complex and vitamin C
Four fat-soluble: vitamins A, D, E, and
K
Solubility influences a vitamin’s
oDigestion
oAbsorption
oTransportation
oStorage
oExcretion
 B complex vitamins
•The B vitamins — or B complex —
comprise a number of water-soluble
vitamins that are found together in a
number of sources.
•Originally, this mixture was thought to
be only one vitamin (vitamin B).
•With the possible exception of vitamin
B6, these appear to be relatively
nontoxic.
•In general, the B complex is important
for healthy skin and nervous systems.
 Vitamins B group
1. Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
2. Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
3. Vitamin B3 or Vitamin P or Vitamin PP
(Niacin)
4. Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid)
5. Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine and
Pyridoxamine)
6. Vitamin B7 or Vitamin H (Biotin)
7. Vitamin B9 or Vitamin M and Vitamin B-c
(Folic acid)
8. Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin)
 Vitamin B1 (thiamine)
•Thiamine is important to carbohydrate
metabolism.
•Once absorbed in the body, thiamine is
converted to a form that is biologically
active through the attachment of a
pyrophosphate (diphosphate) group to
give thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP).
•TPP is a coenzyme used in
decarboxylating pyruvate to acetyl-CoA
and α-ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA.
•In addition, TPP is necessary for the
synthesis of ribose.
Vitamin B1 (thiamine)…
•A deficiency in thiamine leads to
beriberi, which causes deterioration
in the nervous system.
•Nursing infants are particularly at
risk when their mothers have a
thiamine deficiency.
•The structures of vitamin B1 and
thiamine pyrophosphate are shown
in following figure.
 Vitamin B1 (thiamine) …
•Like the other B vitamins, the body
does not store it because it eliminated
with the excretion easily.
•In addition, prolonged cooking of food
can destroy it.
•Many alcoholics also suffer from this
condition because many “foods” high
in alcohol are particularly low in
vitamins.
•Good dietary sources of thiamine
include liver, spinach, green peas,
navy and pinto beans, whole-grain
 Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
•Riboflavin is essential and activated
when added with mononucleotide to be
Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) or with
adenine dinucleotide to be Flavin
adenine dinucleotide (FAD).
•The structures of these materials are
shown in the following Figure.
•FMN and FAD are important coenzymes
involved in a number of biochemical
redox processes.
•Vitamin B2 is water soluble. So, the
body does not store it, because it
 Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)…
•A deficiency does lead to burning and
itchy eyes, dermatitis, and anemia.
•Dietary sources of this vitamin include
soybeans, liver, milk, cheese and
green leafy vegetables.
•Riboflavin is stable during cooking,
but is broken down by light.
•The structures of these materials are
shown in the following Figure.
 Vitamin B3 (niacin)
•The term niacin applies to two
compounds: nicotinic acid and
nicotinamide.
•These two compounds along with
either adenine dinucleotide or adenine
dinucleotide phosphate .
•Nicotinamide is part of the coenzymes
(NAD+) and nicotinamide dinucleotide
phosphate (NADP+).
•Both are coenzymes work with a
number of enzymes in catalyzing a
number of redox processes in the body.
 Vitamin B3 (niacin)
•Niacin is one of the few vitamins that the
body can synthesize.
•The synthesis utilizes tryptophan and is not
very efficient.
•There are also many dietary sources for
niacin, including most meats and vegetables,
milk, cheese, and grains.
•Pellagra is a niacin-deficiency disease.
•Symptoms include loss of appetite,
dermatitis, mental disorders, diarrhea, and
possibly death.
•Look the both structures in the following
Figure.
Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid)
•Pantothenic acid’s name derives from a
Greek word meaning “from
everywhere.”
•As you might expect, then, it has
numerous sources, including whole
grains, eggs, and meat.
•Pantothenic acid is not its self
activated, but is necessary in the
biosynthesis (activating) of another
enzyme called coenzyme A. or COA
•The vitamin is not destroyed by
moderate cooking temperatures, but it
Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid)
•This vitamin is also eliminated with
the excretion easily, because it is
water soluble.
•Coenzyme A is an exceedingly
important substance in many
biological processes because this
coenzyme transfers acyl groups.
•Its structure appears in the following
Figure.
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine and
Pyroxamine or pyridoxal)
•This vitamin consists of three
components: pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and
pyroxamine.
•All three need to be converted to
pyridoxal with attaching phosphate, a
form that is biologically active in the
organism.
•Pyridoxal phosphate serves as a
coenzyme in a variety of processes,
including the interconversion of α-keto
acids and amino acids.
•Avocados, chicken, fish nuts, liver, and
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine and
Pyridoxamine)…
•Low levels can lead to irritability,
depression, and confusion.
•Unlike the other water-soluble
vitamins, there is evidence that large
doses of vitamin B6 may lead to health
problems.
•The symptoms of excess vitamin B6
consumption include irreversible nerve
damage.
•The structures for these compounds
appear in following Figure.
 Vitamin B7 or (Biotin)
•Biotin is a coenzyme important to
many carboxylation reactions.
•Biotin is the carbon transporter in both
lipid and carbohydrate metabolism.
•Bacteria in the intestinal track
synthesize biotin in sufficient quantities
to minimize the chances for a
deficiency.
•Biotin is stable to cooking.
•However, antibiotics can inhibit the
growth of these bacteria and induce a
deficiency.
 Vitamin B7 or (Biotin)
•In these circumstances, the symptoms
include nausea, dermatitis, depression,
and anorexia.
•Its structure is shown in the following
Figure.
 Vitamin B9 (Folic acid)
•Folic acid is a non active form.
•Reduction (hydrogenation) of folic acid
yields tetrahydrofolic acid, the active form. It
helps metabolism.
•The coenzyme transports a carbon, usually
as a methyl or formyl, in the synthesis of
heme, nucleic acids, choline, and several
other compounds.
 Vitamin B9 (Folic acid)
•Although cooking easily destroys the
compound, intestinal bacteria normally
produce sufficient quantities, bacteria in the
intestinal track produce folic acid; however,
green leafy vegetables, dried beans, and
liver are also sources.
•Sulfa drugs interfere with the
formation of folic acid by some
pathogens via a form of competitive
inhibition.
•.
Vitamin B9 (Folic acid)…
•Folic acid is critical to the prevention of
malformations of the brain
(anencephaly) and spine (spina bifida).
•A deficiency of folic acid affects the
synthesis of purines — symptoms
include gastrointestinal disturbances
and anemia.
•Pregnant women are normally advised
to take a vitamin high in folic acid to
help in the normal development of the
fetus, especially the spine and brain.
•Both active and non active structures
Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin)…
•Vitamin B12 is the only known natural
organometallic compound.
•The name cyanocobalamin refers to the
presence of cyanide.
•To activate it must add methyl group to
become Methyl cobalamin which is useful in
methyl transfer reactions.
•The coenzyme also removed oxygen from
carbon 5 and named 5'-
deoxyadenosylcobalamin which works in some
rearrangement reactions where a hydrogen
atom and a group attached to an adjacent
carbon exchange positions.
•Both coenzymes assist in reactions involving
Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin)
•Vitamin B12 does not occur in higher
plants, and apparently only bacteria are
capable of synthesizing it — bacteria
who live in their hosts in a symbiotic
relationship.
•Unfortunately, higher animals including
human beings do not have these types
of bacteria.
•Thus, it is necessary to obtain vitamin
B12 from food.
•Dietary sources include meat, eggs,
milk and cereals.
Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin)…
•Pernicious anemia usually results from
poor absorption of vitamin B12.
•Normal stomach cells produce a
glycoprotein that aids in the absorption
of the vitamin in the intestine.
•It is the lack of this intrinsic factor that
leads to the vitamin deficiency and not
the lack of the vitamin in the diet.
•Elderly people may have difficulty in
generating sufficient quantities of the
intrinsic factor, and strict vegetarians
also may develop symptoms.
Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin)…
•The symptoms of pernicious anemia
include lesions on the spinal cord
leading to a loss of muscular
coordination and gastrointestinal
problems.
•The blood contains large, fragile, and
immature red blood cells.
•The structure of methyl cobalamin is
shown in the following Figure.
Fat Soluble Vitamins
•Vitamin A
•Vitamin D
•Vitamin E
•Vitamin K
 Vitamin A (βe-carotene)
•Vitamin A is not a single compound —
a number of compounds are
biologically active, that is they undergo
biological reactions within the
organism.
•Vitamin A is exclusive to animals, and
the plant pigment β-carotene can serve
as a precursor.
•As a precursor, it is a provitamin.
•Cleavage of β-carotene yields two
vitamin A active species.
•The parent compound is 11-trans-
Vitamin A (11-trans-retinol)…
•Vitamin A is especially important to
vision.
•Part of the vision process involves the
absorption of light.
•This absorption causes the geometry
on the double bond between carbon
atoms 11 and 12 to change from cis to
trans.
•The isomerization triggers a series of
events, giving rise to a nerve impulse.
•An enzyme reverses the isomerization
so the molecule may be reused.
Vitamin A (11-trans-retinol)…
•In addition to being directly involved
in vision, vitamin A also promotes the
development of the epithelial cells
producing the mucous membranes,
which protect the eyes and many
other organs from infections and
irritants.
•Vitamin A also helps in the changes in
the bone structures that occur as an
infant matures.
•Any β-carotene that doesn’t become
vitamin A is used as an antioxidant.
Vitamin A (11-trans-retinol)…
•A deficiency in vitamin A begins with
night blindness, followed by other eye
problems, which could lead to
blindness.
•An extreme deficiency may lead to
xerophthalmia, inflammation of the
eyelids and eyes, which can cause
infections and blindness.
•Young animals require vitamin A for
growth, and adults are capable of
storing several months’ supply of it,
primarily in the liver.
Vitamin A (11-trans-retinol)…
•Excessive dosages of vitamin A may
lead to acute toxicity, and as a fat-
soluble vitamin, it is not easily
eliminated.
•Symptoms include nausea, vomiting,
blurred vision, and headaches.
•Large doses have been linked to birth
defects and spontaneous abortions.
•The provitamin, β-carotene, is not
toxic.
•in the following Figure.
 Vitamin D
•Vitamin D is sometimes called the
sunshine vitamin.
•It can be produced in the body through
the action of sunlight, which is
ultraviolet radiation.
•Individuals walking around outside
nude or semi-nude normally have very
little trouble with vitamin D deficiency.
•The rest of us, however, depend on
vitamin D-fortified foods, especially
milk.
•Several compounds exhibit vitamin D
 Vitamin D
• Only two of them — actually
provitamins — occur commonly in
food: ergosterol and 7-
dehydrocholesterol.
•Irradiation with ultraviolet light
converts ergosterol into vitamin D2,
ergocaliferol.
•Ultraviolet irradiation, particularly in
the skin of animals, converts 7-
dehydrocholesterol into vitamin D3,
cholecalciferol.
•(A little confusingly, vitamin D1 is a
 Vitamin D
The body’s ability to absorb calcium
and phosphorus is tied to vitamin D.
Teeth and bone have large amounts of
these two elements and are the first
parts of the body affected by a vitamin
D deficiency.
Osteomalacia, a condition in which a
softening of the bones may lead to
deformities, may also result.
(In infants and children, osteomalacia
is called rickets) . A vitamin D
deficiency is more serious in children
 Vitamin D
Persons with some portion of their skin
routinely exposed to sunlight seldom
develop a deficiency.
Excess vitamin D is toxic. It is not easy to
eliminate this fat-soluble vitamin.
Symptoms of excessive amounts of
vitamin D include nausea, diarrhea,
kidney stones and other deposits, and
sometimes even death.
The structures of ergosterol, vitamin D2,
7-dehydrocholesterol, and vitamin D3
appear in the following Figure.
 Vitamin E (tocopherols)
•The tocopherols are a group of non
active compounds those exhibit
vitamin E activity.
•The most effective is α-tocopherol
(active form).
•Vitamin E comes from a number of
sources, vegetable oils, nuts, whole
grains, leafy vegetables, to name a
few.
•Deficiencies are rare except in
individuals on a no-fat diet or who, for
medical reasons, cannot efficiency
Vitamin E (tocopherols)…
•Vitamin E serves as an effective anti-
oxidant.
• Anti-oxidants are necessary to minimize
the damage caused by oxidants present in
the body — many problems associated with
aging are apparently due to oxidants.
•Vitamin E may also help prevent
cholesterol deposits in the arteries.
•There are no well documented problems
with the use of large doses; however, some
recent studies, although disputed, warn
against taking mega doses of vitamin E.
• see its structures in the following Figure.
 Vitamin K
•The name vitamin K comes from the German
word "Koagulationsvitamin.“
• Several forms of vitamin K are used around
the world as medicine. Vitamin K1
(phytonadione) and vitamin K2 (menaquinone)
are common.
•Vitamin K1 is one of many compounds that
exhibit vitamin K activity and differ in the side-
chains attached to the ring system.
•One chain is usually a methyl; the other
typically has at least 20 carbon atoms.
•Vitamin K is not directly activated, but it is
necessary to produce (activate) the
 Vitamin K
•A vitamin K deficiency is uncommon
because intestinal bacteria normally
produce sufficient quantities,
although several foods are also good
sources, including green leafy
vegetables, cauliflower, broccoli,
organ meats (love that liver!), milk,
soybeans, avocados, and bananas.
•Two tablespoons of parsley contains
almost twice your recommended daily
amount of vitamin K.
 Vitamin K
(Koagulationsvitamin
Prolonged use of antibiotics can
)
decrease the number of these vitamin
K producing bacteria and lead to a
reduction in vitamin K in the body.
One symptom of a deficiency is an
increase in the time necessary to form
a blood clot, and such individuals are
prone to develop serious bruises from
even minor injuries.
Infants with a deficiency have been
known to die from brain hemorrhage.
Increasing the vitamin K intake of the
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid )
•Vitamin C is another name for ascorbic
acid Dehydroascorbic acid also has
vitamin C activity.
•Many foods contain vitamin C,
especially plants and citrus fruits, so it
is easy to prevent scurvy.
•Many mammals (other than humans)
synthesize vitamin C from glucose.
•Vitamin C is an antioxidant.
•Like vitamin E, it helps prevent
damage produced by oxidants.
•It also helps in the absorption of iron,
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid )
Vitamin C helps convert some of the
proline in collagen C to hydroxyproline,
which stabilizes the collagen.
Vitamin C is water-soluble — thus the
body can readily eliminate excess, and
large doses are not toxic.
Cooking, especially prolonged cooking,
destroys vitamin C.
•A deficiency in vitamin C leads to the
disease scurvy, symptoms of which
include a weakening of the collagen —
an important protein in connective
hanks for your listenin
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INSHA-ALLAH
BY BAADIYOOW