Ethno –
Nationalist
terrorism
Religious
terrorism
Types of Terrorism
Ideology Left Wing Terrorism
Terrorism Right Wing Terrorism
Nacroterrorism
Cyberterrorism
Bioterrorism
Cross – Border
Terrorism
Types of Terrorism
Ethno-Nationalist Terrorism
• According to Daniel Byman, ethnic terrorism is defined as "deliberate violence
by a subnational ethnic group to advance its cause."
• The goal of such violence is frequently to establish a breakaway state or to
elevate the status of one ethnic group over others.
• For ex : Ethno-nationalist terrorist acts include Tamil Nationalist organisations in
Sri Lanka and insurgent groups in North East India.
Religious Terrorism
• Terrorists who are motivated in part or entirely by a religious imperative,
according to Hoffman, regard violence as a divine obligation or a sacramental
act.
• Religious terrorism is more destructive in nature because it adopts different
justifications and modes of legitimization than other terrorist organizations.
• Mumbai 26/11 terror attack in 2008 from an Islamic group in Pakistan is an
example of religious terrorism in India
Types of Terrorism
Ideology Terrorism
• Any ideology can be used to justify the use of terror and violence. Terrorism
motivated by ideology is usually divided into two categories:
• Left-wing Terrorism
• Right-wing Terrorism
Left Wing Terrorism
Violence by the peasant class, mostly inspired by so-called leftist beliefs, has been
perpetrated against the ruling elite on several occasions throughout history
For Example, the Red Army Faction or Baader Meinhof Gang in former West
Germany, The Maoist groups in India and Nepal are the most easily identifiable
groups closer home
Right Wing Terrorism
Right-wing organisations typically aim to retain the status quo or revert to a
previous condition that they believe should have been preserved.
Examples of these are Nazism in Germany, Fascists in Italy, etc
Types of Terrorism
Nacro Terrorism
• Narcoterrorism, in its original sense, refers to drug traffickers' attempts to influence a government's or
society's policies by violence and intimidation, as well as to obstruct the enforcement of anti-drug
legislation through the systematic threat or use of such violence.
• The Bombay bombings were carried out by India's D-Company, a Mumbai-based crime gang. Through
their links in Pakistani intelligence, they are said to be involved in large-scale narcotics trafficking.
Cyber Terrorism
• It's when cyberspace and terrorism collide. It refers to illegal attacks and threats of attacks on
computers, networks, and the information stored on them that are carried out to intimidate or
compel a government or its citizens in the pursuit of political or social goals.
• For example, Computer viruses, worms, malware, hacking, ransomware, phishing, etc.
Types of Terrorism
Bio Terrorism
• Bioterrorism involves the deliberate release or spread of biological agents.
• The last time plague corpses were used for biological warfare was in 1710, when Russian forces
attacked Swedish troops by throwing plague-infected bodies over the city walls of Riga.
Cross-Border Terrorism
• When the soil of one country is used to spread fear or engage in terror against its bordering countries,
this is known as cross-border terrorism.
• India is a victim of cross-border terrorism, which has Pakistan as its source.
Causes of Terrorism
Political
• Insurgency and guerrilla warfare, a form of organised political violence perpetrated by a non-state
army or group, were the origins of terrorism theory.
• They pick terrorism because they dislike society's current structure and wish to change it.
• It is, in general, the polar opposite of independence, growth, and human rights.
• Terrorism has had the greatest impact on India's frontier regions, particularly those bordering
Pakistan.
Strategic
• Emphasizing that an organisation has a strategic reason for using terrorism is another way of saying
that it isn't a haphazard or irrational choice, but rather a tool used to achieve a bigger goal.
• Hamas, for example, employs terrorist techniques, but not because it has an irrational urge to launch
rockets at Israeli Jews.
• Instead, they want to use violence (and cease-fires) to get specific concessions from Israel and Fatah
in order to achieve their goals.
Causes of Terrorism
Socio-economic
• Socio-economic theories of terrorism imply that certain forms of deprivation motivate people to
commit acts of terror, or that they are more open to recruitment by terrorist organisations.
• Poverty, illiteracy, and lack of political freedom are only a few examples. On both sides of the debate,
there is evidence to support their claims.
• Comparisons of different conclusions can be perplexing because they don't distinguish between
individuals and societies, and they ignore the complexities of how people feel injustice or deprivation,
independent of their economic situation.
Religious
• In the 1990s, experts began to argue that a new type of terrorism motivated by religious zeal was on
the increase. They cited Al Qaeda, Aum Shinrikyo (a Japanese cult), and Christian identity groups as
examples.
• Terrorist groups in India include communists, Islamists, and separatists. Terrorist groups affiliated with
the Communist Party of India are by far the most common perpetrators and the leading cause of
terrorism deaths in India.
• Terrorist assaults by Islamic groups in Kashmir, Sikh separatists in Punjab, and secessionist movements
in Assam continue to target India
