Phylogeny of Invertebrates

Dr. Muhammad Rasool

 Parazoa
A. Phylum Porifera: Sponges
1. Non-moving (sessile) animals
2. No nerves or muscles (no tissue differentiation)
3. Mostly marine
4. Filter feeders: Collect food particles from water:
5. Most sponges are hermaphrodites.
Hermaphrodites function as both male and female in sexual reproduction by
producing eggs and sperm.
Cnidarians: Coelenterates
 Coelenterates

1. Radial symmetry with central digestive (gastrovascular)

cavity.

2. One opening in the gastrovascular cavity serves as both

mouth and anus.

3. Survive as carnivores
4. Mostly Marine
5. Some exhibit Polymorphism
6. Phylum name comes from specialized cells called
cnidocytes. Cnidocytes are stinging cells used for defense
and to capture prey.
Phylum Ctenophora: Comb Jellies
Resemble Cnidarian Medusae.
Locomotion by Cilia
III. Protostomia: Lophotrochozoa
Phylum Platyhelminthes: Flatworms
1. Sizes range from microscopic up to 20 meters long (tapeworms).
2. Many are parasites.
 a. Turbellarians

i. Mostly free-living (non-parasitic)

ii. Feed on small animals, dead animals
iii. Very flat for O2 exchange. They have no gas exchange
organs.
Anatomy of a planarian.
b,c.
Monogenea/Trematoda

i. Live as parasites
ii. Trematodes parasitize
vertebrates. For example, humans
but often with intermediate hosts.

The life history of a blood fluke

(Schistosoma mansoni).
d. Cestoidea – Tapeworms

i. Live as parasites
ii. Head contains suckers and hooks
that lock onto the intestinal lining of the
host.
iii. The rest of the body is mostly units
called proglottids that are sex organs.
iv. Eggs transferred to new hosts by
consuming fecal contaminated water.
 Phylum Rotifera: Rotifers

1. Aquatic
2. Sizes range from 0.5 to 2 mm
3. Complete digestive tract
 C. Lophophorate Phyla: Bryozoans (Ectoprocts), Phoronids, and Brachiopods

1. All of these groups have a lophophore. The lophophore is a horseshoe shaped fold
near the mouth that is surrounded by ciliated tentacles.
2. Bryozoans resemble mosses. They have a hard exoskeleton, important for reef
formation.
3. Phoronids are marine worms.
4. Brachiopods resemble clams.
 D. Phylum Nemertea: Proboscis worms
1. Up to 30 meters in length
2. These worms have a hydraulically-operated proboscis that is used to capture prey.
E. Phylum Mollusca: Mollusks

1. Snails, clams, octopi, squids, oysters

2. There are at least 150,000 known species
3. All mollusks have similar body plans:
a. Muscular foot
b. Visceral mass with organs
c. Mantle that secretes the shell
 b. Gastropoda – Produce shells into which the animal retreats when
threatened. Example: Snail
c. Bivalvia – Shells divided into two parts. Gills are used for feeding and gas
exchange. Example: Clams, oysters
d. Cephalopoda – Rapid movement; well-developed nervous systems. Example:
Octopus, squid, nautilus
F. Phylum Annelida: Segmented worms

1. Sizes range from 1 mm to 3 meters in length.

2. Each segment contains a pair of excretory tubes called

metanephridia.

3. Annelids are hermaphrodites that cross-fertilize.

4. Three classes:
a. Oligochaeta – earthworms
b. Polychaeta – mostly marine
c. Hirudinea – leeches
IV. Protostomia: Ecdysozoa
A. Phylum Nematoda: Roundworms
1. Non-segmented

2. Some are important parasites of animals.

- Pinworms and hookworms à e.g., Trichinella obtained by

eating undercooked pork; juveniles infect all body organs
and tissues.
B. Phylum Arthropoda: Arthropods

1. Crustaceans, spiders, insects

2. Hard exoskeleton, segmented bodies, jointed appendages

3. Arthropods are the most successful of all animal phyla

based on diversity, distribution, and numbers.

4. Nearly one million species identified so far, mostly

insects.

5. The exoskeleton, or cuticle, is composed of protein and

chitin.
6. Molting of the cuticle is called ecdysis.

7. Extensive cephalization.

8. Arthropods have open circulatory systems in which a

heart pumps hemolymph through short arteries and into
open spaces called sinuses.

9. Aquatic members have gills for gas exchange. Terrestrial

members have a tracheal system à branched tubes leading
from the surface throughout the body.

Figure 33.26 (p. 663) – External anatomy of an arthropod.

 10. Four evolutionary lineages:

a. Trilobites – extinct
b. Chelicerates – horseshoe crabs, spiders
c. Uniramians – centipedes, millipedes, insects
d. Crustaceans – crabs, lobsters, barnacles
11. From these lineages arose five major classes of
arthropods:
d. Insecta – insects 
i. Outnumber all other forms of animals.
ii. Evolved flight during Carboniferous period. Flight was
followed by an explosion of diversity.
iii. Coevolution of flowering plants and insects.
iv. Wings are extensions of the cuticle.
v. Waste is removed from hemolymph by excretory organs
called malpighian tubes.
vi. Nervous system has a pair of ventral nerve chords that
join in the head to form a cerebral ganglion (brain) that is
close to the sensory organs in the head (cephalization).
Note: Many insects undergo metamorphosis during their
development.

Incomplete metamorphosis is a process whereby the young

look like the adults, but have different body proportions.

Complete metamorphosis is a process where the larval

stages are specialized for eating. This stage is called a
larva, maggot or grub. The adult stage is specialized for
reproduction and dispersal (e.g. flight). The process of
metamorphosis occurs during a pupal stage.
 APPROXIMATE
ORDER NUMBER OF MAIN CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLES
SPECIES

Blattodea 4,000
Cockroaches have a dorsoventrally flattened body, with legs
modified for rapid running. Forewings, when present, are
leathery, whereas hind wings are fanlike. Fewer than 40 cock- German
roach species live in houses; the rest exploit habitats ranging cockroach
from tropical forest floors to caves and deserts.

Coleoptera 350,000
Beetles comprise the most species-rich order of insects. They
have two pairs of wings, one of which is thick and leathery, the Japanese
other membranous. They have an armored exoskeleton and beetle
mouthparts adapted for biting and chewing. Beetles undergo
complete metamorphosis.

Dermaptera 1,200
Earwigs are generally nocturnal scavengers. While some
species are wingless, others have two pairs of wings, one of
which is thick and leathery, the other membranous. Earwigs
have biting mouthparts and large posterior pincers. They un-
dergo incomplete metamorphosis.
Earwig

Diptera 151,000
Dipterans have one pair of wings; the second pair has become
modified into balancing organs called halteres. Their head is
large and mobile; their mouthparts are adapted for sucking,
piercing, or lapping. Dipterans undergo complete metamorpho- Horsefly
sis. Flies and mosquitoes are among the best-known dipterans,
which live as scavengers, predators, and parasites.

Hemiptera 85,000
Hemipterans are so-called “true bugs,” including bed bugs,
assassin bugs, and chinch bugs. (Insects in other orders are Leaf-
sometimes erroneously called bugs.) Hemipterans have two Footed
pairs of wings, one pair partly leathery, the other membranous. bug
They have piercing or sucking mouthparts and undergo
incomplete metamorphosis.

Hymenoptera 125,000
Ants, bees, and wasps are generally highly social insects. They
have two pairs of membranous wings, a mobile head, and
chewing or sucking mouthparts. The females of many species
have a posterior stinging organ. Hymenopterans undergo com-
plete metamorphosis.
Cicada-killer wasp

Isoptera 2,000
Termites are widespread social insects that produce enormous
colonies. It has been estimated that there are 700 kg of
termites for every person on Earth! Some termites have two
pairs of membranous wings, while others are wingless. They
feed on wood with the aid of microbial symbionts carried in
specialized chambers in their hindgut.
Termite

Figure 33.37
 APPROXIMATE
ORDER MAIN CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLE
NUMBER OF
SPECIES

Lepidoptera 120,000
Butterflies and moths are among the best-known insects. They
have two pairs of wings covered with tiny scales. To feed, they
uncoil a long proboscis. Most feed on nectar, but some species
feed on other substances, including animal blood or tears. Swallowtail
butterfly

5,000
Odonata Dragonflies and damselflies have two pairs of large, membran-
ous wings. They have an elongated abdomen, large, compound
eyes, and chewing mouthparts. They undergo incomplete meta-
morphosis and are active predators.
Dragonfly

Orthoptera 13,000
Grasshoppers, crickets, and their relatives are mostly herbi-
vorous. They have large hind legs adapted for jumping, two
pairs of wings (one leathery, one membranous), and biting or
chewing mouthparts. Males commonly make courtship sounds
by rubbing together body parts, such as a ridge on their hind
leg. Orthopterans undergo incomplete metamorphosis.

Katydid

Phasmida 2,600
Stick insects and leaf insects are exquisite mimics of plants. The
eggs of some species even mimic seeds of the plants on which the
Insects live. Their body is cylindrical or flattened dorsoventrally.
They lack forewings but have fanlike hind wings. Their Stick insect
mouthparts are adapted for biting or chewing.

Phthiraptera 2,400
Commonly called sucking lice, these insects spend their entire
life as an ectoparasite feeding on the hair or feathers of a single
host. Their legs, equipped with clawlike tarsi, are adapted for Human
clinging to their hosts. They lack wings and have reduced eyes. Body
Sucking lice undergo incomplete metamorphosis. louse

Siphonaptera 2,400
Fleas are bloodsucking ectoparasites on birds and mammals.
Their body is wingless and laterally compressed. Their legs are
modified for clinging to their hosts and for long-distance
jumping. They undergo complete metamorphosis.
Flea

Thysanura 450 Silverfish are small, wingless insects with a flattened body and
reduced eyes. They live in leaf litter or under bark. They can also
infest buildings, where they can become pests.

Silverfish

Trichoptera 7,100 The larvae of caddisflies live in streams, where they make houses
from sand grains, wood fragments, or other material held to-
gether by silk. Adults have two pairs of hairy wings and chewing
or lapping mouthparts. They undergo complete metamorphosis.

Caddisfly
Figure 33.37
e. Crustacea – crabs, lobsters
i. 40,000 species.
ii. Includes krill eaten by whales.
V. Deuterostomia
A. Phylum Echinodermata: Echinoderms
1. Water vascular systems – network of hydraulic canals
used for locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange. It
extends into tube feet that are used for locomotion and
feeding.

2. Echinoderms appear to be radial, but are bilateral à

shows up in larval stages.