SWINE PRODUCTION

RIZZA JOY R. AUTOR

 ADVANTAGES
1. Efficient feed converters
2. Prolific
3. Small investment vs large ruminants
4. Salvage values are high
5. High dressing percentage
6. Traditionally accepted as table meat
 DISADVANTAGES
[Link] losses due to diseases and parasites
[Link] adulteration and supply
[Link] prices
[Link] labor requirement during farrowing
[Link] characteristic odor
 Production Systems
SOW HERD ENTERPRISE
1. Farrow to feeder operation
- producer starts with a pregnant gilt/sow to produce feeder pigs/weanlings,
which are sold to raisers who grow them until marketable weight is achieved.

2. Farrow to finish operation

- producer starts with a pregnant gilt/sow to produce feeder pigs/weanlings,
which he grows until slaughter weight is achieved.
3. Farrow to breeder operation
- producer starts with a pregnant gilt/sow to produce breeder stocks(junior and
replacement gilts)
GROWING-FINISHING ENTERPRISE
 Producer starts with feeder/weanlings and raises them to slaughter of about
80-95 kg
 Most of the small swine holders in Asian region because of limited financial
resources and technical know how
 Profit is influenced by
a. availability and continuous supply of good quality feeder pigs
b. cost of feeds and feeder pigs
c. capacity of operator in avoiding losses from diseases, pests, and other
animal health hazards
d. price
Advantages
1. Faster rate of capital turnover than the sow herd
enterprise
2. Sow-piglet management problems are avoided

Disadvantages:
1. High penalty for slow growth due to sub-standard
management
 BOAR FOR HIRE ENTERPRISE
 Producers starts with young boar, which he grows and trains to breeder
age
 The boar is used to breed the gilt/sows in the community for a fee
 The fee may be in cash or in kind, whichever is acceptable to the
customer
 Profitability depends on the following:
a. Boar quality
b. number and quality of sows served
c. willingness of customers to use the boar and to pay the breeding
fee
d. capacity operator to avoid losses from mechanical injuries and
diseases
 Advantages
1. small capital
2. fast return to investment
3. supplementary source of income
4. improves pig quality

Disadvantages :
1. Heavy penalty for halted operation due to diseases
2. Careless management could ruins swine industry in the
community.
Factors to Consider in the Selection of
production System
1. The amount of capital, labor, and land available
2. The level of management and marketing skills needed
3. The social and environmental implications associated with
manure management.
 Hog Zoological Scheme
Kingdom ANIMALIA
Phylum CHORDATA (backbone)
Class MAMMALIA (warm- blooded,
young suckle)
Order ARTIODACTYLA “even-toed”
Family SUIDAE
Genus SUS
Species SCROFA / VITTATUS
Sub-species DOMESTICUS
Anatomical part of a Pig
 BREEDS OF SWINE
1. Local/ Indigenous breeds - Philippine Native Pig
2. Exotic Breeds
a. Purebreeds- Landrace, Large white,Yorkshire, Duroc,
Pietrain, Hampshire, Berkshire, Poland china
b. Upgrades – Kaman, Diani, Berkjala
c. Synthetic breeds- Babcock, Camborough, Cotswold,Hypor,
Minnesota no.1, Nieuw dalland, Segher
 PHILIPPINE NATIVE PIG
Origin and native Home
- Luzon, negros island, Mindanao
Characteristics
 Coarse, thick, black coat color with dispersion of silvery white hairs on their
sides
 Male-longer body and tail;tusks
 Easier and cheaper to raise
 Gilts could exhibit signs of sexual maturity at young as 4 to 5 months
 Average litter size size: 4-5
Major objection
-low FCR
Strains of Native Pigs

1. Kalinga
2. Mt. province
3. Black tiaong (BT)
4. Abra
5. Marinduque
6. Quezon
 LANDRACE
Origin and Home
 Denmark, 1896
Characteristics
 White
 Longest breed (16-17 ribs)
 Almost flat back; lack of excess fat ( lean breed)
and wrinkles
 High fertility, prolific and excellent mothering
ability
 Small head, light neck and jowl
 Drooping ears
Major objectionable
Weak back, legs, and pastern
LARGE WHITE/YORKSHIRE
Origin and Native Home
 England
Characteristics
 Bacon breed; Mother breed
 White; broad face with medium curvature
 Medium length snout and broad at the
nostril
 Erect ears and flabby jowls
 Great milkers and excellent foragers
 Sturdy and strong legs
Major objection
- Some are short, excess back fat
 DUROC
Origin and Native Home
 East US, originally called Duroc-Jersey
Characteristics
 Solid colors; light to gold to mahogany
 Medium body length, slightly curved face
 Short and straight snout
 Slightly drooping ears
 Well adapted to varying environment
 Superior ( ADG and FCE); good muscle
quality
 Terminal sire
Major Objection
Long legs, well arched back
 PIETRAIN
Origin and native Home
 Pietrain, Belgium
Characteristics
 Spotted black and white
 Erect ears
 Muscle pigs
 Very thin backfat (high yield of lean
meat)
 Prolific
Major objectionable, poor mothering ability
and milk production
Weakness of hind legs
Highly susceptible to stress(halothane
gene)
 HAMPSHIRE
Origin and Home
 England
Characteristics
 White belt; erect ears; trim and light jowl
 Great quality and smoothness; well arched
back
 Excellent FCE and length and ham loin
percent
 Lean muscle; high carcass quality; minimal
backfat; large loin eye
 Females : mothering ability ; longevity
Major objection
 Low litter size at birth and at weaning
 Poor mothering ability, late maturing
 BERKSHIRE
Origin and Native Home
 England
Characteristics
 Short and upturned nose; dished face
 Erect but inclined forward ears
 Black with 6 white points
 Excellent meat type; fast and efficient
growth; repro efficiency; cleanliness and
meat flavor and value
 Long-bodied
Major objection
Small litter size at birth and at weaning
Late maturing, thick backfat, black skin
 POLAND CHINA
ORIGIN AND Native Home
 Ohio, early 1800s
Characteristics
 Hot type/ big type Poland china
 Black with white 6 points
 Median length face
 Naturally drooping ears
 Full jowl; leaness
 Excellent FCR
 Quiet in their disposition
Major objectionable
 Kaman
- From Batangas
- Native pig x Duroc jersey
Black Diani
- Native pig( Batangas) x Bershire

Berjala
- UPLB, 1916
- Native pig ( jalajala, Rizal) x Berkshire
CARE AND
MANAGEMENT OF
BOARS
Sub-topics:
 Purchase
 Transport
 Handling
 Assessment
 Health care
 Feeding
 Housing and environment
 Reproductive phenomena
 Breeding frequency
 Boar to sow ratio
 Purchase of Replacement Boars

 Locate and select a superior boar (perform better than the average
of the population)
 Observe and select the health condition of the boar( signs and
symptoms for diseases)
 Look for a replacement boar with unquestionable fertility or
reproductive performance ( look for the breeding record and
performance record of the boar)
- purchase from established farm
 Transporting the Newly purchased
Boar
 Minimize stress and possibility of injury
- use of safe, well-built loading and unloading facilities
- use of divider in the truck(avoid fight)
- clean and disinfect
-suitable bedding
- protect against extreme environmental conditions
- well- ventilated trucks
- fasting before transport
Handling of the Newly Purchased Boar
 Acclimatization period of 1-2 months
- Quarantine (30 days minimum, 60 days maximum)
- Blood Test
a. brucellosis
b. leptospirosis
-parasite treatment
a. broad spectrum anthelmintic
- vaccination (1 week before deworming)
-introduction to new herd mates
 Assessing the Boar Breeding Potential
Two methods of assessing Boar
potential
 Semen evaluation
- easiest and fastest
- collection of fresh semen
sample
-assessment of volume,
motility, concentration, and
morphology
 Characteristics of an average ejaculate

Characteristics mean
Volume, ml 150-200
Sperm concentration 200-300
Total sperm per ejaculate, billion 30-60
Total sperm per week, billion 120-150
Motility, % 20
 Test Mating
-observe new boar’s sexual behavior and ability to serve gilt
- training young boar to mount a female and successfully breeding her

Training tips:
a. introduce a young sow
b. Select at least 4 sows(primiparous)
c. Always take the females to the boar pens
d. Floor must be dry and not slippery
e. Never put a new boar with a group of female
f. Service: early morning or late in the afternoon
g. Guide the boar to mount correctly
h. Protrusion and erection of penis
i. Errors
j. Pointers
k. Return to heat (for mated
females)
l. Not overwork the young boar
Health Care
 Purchase a boar only from an
established farm and give priority
to a farm with sound health
program
 Always ask for the health record of
the prospective boars and closely
examine it.
 Feeding management
 Importance
1. profound influence on the swine breeding program
2. affects reproductive performance of the breeding herd
3. nutrient status influencers:
a. libido(sex drive)
b. structural soundness and longevity
c. sperm production
d. semen quality
 Amount of feed given : 2.3-3.0 kg
 Crude protein % : 13-14
 4-5 L water/kg of air dry feed

4 factors affecting
Feed quantity
1. Weight of the boar
2. Desired growth rate
3. Energy level of the diet
4. Accuracy of the feed delivery system
 4 factors that affects nutrient
requirements
1. Age and stage of maturity
2. Body condition
3. Environmental condition
4. Ejaculation frequency
Tips during Feeding

 Ad libitum fresh water

 Water consumption: 4-5l/kg air dry feed
 Avoid drastic changes in the diet and in the method/system of
feeding
 Avoid overfeeding/underfeeding
- overfeed: sluggish, lacks stamina
-underfed: weak, lazy; delay in the onset of sexual maturity;
reduced growth of testes
 Housing and Environment
 1. pen measurement
0.6 m x 2.1 m
height: 1.1 m
service area: 5-7 sq m

2. Comfortable and individual pen

(draft-free and dry)
3. Install high and strong partitions
and gaters
Reproductive phenomena
 Sexual maturity
- gradual process in which sperm
production and sexual desire begins
concurrently in increasing intensity

- Starts of service : 8 months old

 Breeding Frequency
 Must be regulated to conform to the physiological capacity to produce
adequate supply of viable sperm

Recommended services for Boars

No. of services junior(8-1 year old senior (more than 1 year
old)
day 1 2
Week 5 7
Month 20 30
Boar to Sow ratio

 Keep one young boar in reserve for every 20 breeding females in the herd
 In a multiple farrowing program:
a. 2 services/sow/heat period
15 sows or less 1 boar( boar is at least 15 months old)
16-25 sows 2 boars
b. 1 service/sow/heat period
20 sows or less 1 boar if young
30 sows or less 1 boar (if at least 15 months old)
 Reproductive Problems
a. Lack of libido and failure to breed
- genetic problems, status: CULL
- too high temperature
- injury during breeding
-feet and leg problems
- too fat boar
- improper feeding
- improper handling
b. Failure of females to conceive through mediation of the
boar
- improper breeding technique
- disease
- genetic problem
- defects in the reproductive tract