EARTH

MOVEMENTS
BY: RUMANI GUPTA
CLASS: BA Part 1st
ROLL NO : 367
 INTRODUCTION
• Earth’s surface is not stable but is changing constantly.
• The endogenic & exogenic forces causing physical stresses &
chemical action on earth materials & bringing about changes in the
configuration of the surface of the earth are known as geomorphic
processes.
• They are the movements in the earth’s crust caused by endogenic or
exogenic forces.
• All changes take place under the influence of certain forces working
continuously within the earth as well as over the surface of the earth.
 EARTH
MOVEMENTS

ENDOGENETI
EXOGENETIC
C

DIASTROPHIS
SUDDEN WEATHERING EROSION DEPOSTITON
M

EPEIROGENIC OROGENIC PSHYICAL CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL ICE RIVER WATER WIND ETC

COMPRESSIO
UPWARD DOWNWARD TENSION
N
 ENDOGENETIC MOVEMENTS
[In Greek ‘endo’ means within and ‘genera’-origin]

• Endogenic forces are those internal forces that derive their

strength from the earth’s interior and play a crucial role in
shaping the earth’s crust.
• Examples- earthquakes, volcanism etc.
• The endogenic forces are mainly land-building forces.
• These forces are also known as ‘constructive forces’ as they
create relief features on the surface of the Earth.
• The ultimate source of energy behind forces that drive endogenic
movements is earth’s internal heat.
SUDDEN FORCES AND MOVEMENTS
Sudden movements refer to rapid and abrupt
endogenic processes that lead to significant changes
in the Earth's crust over a short period of time.
These movements can be violent and often result in
natural disasters.
The lithospheric plate boundaries are prone to
sudden geomorphic movements.
Because of the pressure caused by the pushing and
pulling of magma in the mantle, the plate boundaries
are extremely unstable.
Earthquakes and volcanoes are two examples of
sudden movements that generate significant
deformation in a short period of time.
 DIASTROPHIC FORCES AND
MOVEMENTS
• Diastrophism refers to all processes that move, elevate, or
deformation of the earth's crust due to diastrophic
movements (deforming movements) such as folding,
faulting, warping (bending or twisting of a large area),
and fracturing.
• Diastrophic changes are slow and can last for thousands
of years.
• These are also called deforming movements or slow
movements.
 TYPES OF DIASTROPHIC
• EPEIROGENETIC • OROGENETIC
It is the process of continental It is the process of mountain
building. building.
Epeirogeny movements cause the Orogenic movements cause the crust
crust to move in an upward and to move in a tangential direction.
downward direction. The Himalayas are fold mountains
The uplift of the South Swedish that are still being formed by
Dome deflected the Eridanus River orogenic forces, so they may grow
during the Pliocene Epoch. taller over time.
 EXOGENETIC FORCES
[In Greek ‘exo’ means outside]

• These are external forces that operate and act on the

surface of the Earth.
• These forces are also known as ‘destructive forces’ as they
at times result in destruction of the existing landforms
through weathering and erosional activities.
• Weathering, erosion, and deposition are the main exogenic
processes.
• All the exogenic geomorphic processes are covered under
a general term, denudation. “Denude” means to strip off.
• Force applied per unit area is called stress.
 WEATHERING
Weathering is the process by which rocks, minerals,
soils, and other materials break down at the Earth's
surface
Physical Weathering: The mechanical breakdown of
rocks into smaller pieces without changing their
chemical composition, often due to temperature
changes (freeze-thaw cycles), pressure release, or
biological activity.
Chemical Weathering: The decomposition of rocks
due to chemical reactions, often involving water,
acids, or gases. This process leads to the formation
of features like karst landscapes (e.g., limestone
caves).
Biological Weathering: The breakdown of rocks by
living organisms, such as plants and microbes,
which can accelerate both physical and chemical
weathering processes.
 EROSION
The process of wearing away and
transporting rock material by natural
agents like water, wind, ice, and gravity.
Fluvial Erosion: Erosion caused by rivers
and streams, leading to the formation of
valleys, canyons, and deltas.
Aeolian Erosion: Wind-driven erosion,
which shapes features like dunes and
desert pavements.
Glacial Erosion: The movement of
glaciers erodes the underlying rock,
creating U-shaped valleys, fjords, and
moraines.
 FOLDS
A fold is a geologic structure that is
formed by layers or beds of rock being
bent or folded.
The folds that are upwardly convex are
called as anticlines.
In contrast, the folds that are
downwardly convex are called synclines.
 PARTS OF FOLDS

The parts of a fold are:

Limbs: The two sides of a fold, which are the
flanks of the fold. The limbs may be inclined,
vertical, or horizontal.
Axial plane: An imaginary surface that divides the
fold into two symmetrical parts. The axial plane
can be horizontal, inclined, or vertical.
Hinge line: The line that connects the points of
maximum curvature of the bedding planes in a
fold.
Hinge point: The point of maximum curvature of a
folded layer.
Crest: The highest point of the fold surface.
Trough: The lowest point of the fold.
 FAULTS
A fault is a crack in the Earth’s crust where
movement has happened.
This movement can be horizontal, vertical, or both.
Types Based on Movement:
Normal Fault: The hanging wall moves down
compared to the footwall. This happens where the
Earth is pulling apart, usually at divergent
boundaries.
Reverse Fault (Thrust Fault): The hanging wall
moves up compared to the footwall. This occurs
where the Earth is pushing together, often at
convergent boundaries.
Strike-Slip Fault: The rocks on either side slide
past each other horizontally. Examples include the
San Andreas Fault in California..
THANKS