Unit 3

Measurement of Power
 Course outcome
• After completion of this course, the students
will be able to:
• CO3: Demonstrate construction, working
principle of electrodynamo type and induction
type instruments for measurement of power
and energy
 Contents of unit 3
• Construction, working principle, torque equation,
errors and their compensation, advantages and
disadvantages of dynamometer type wattmeter
• Low power factor wattmeter
• Poly-phase wattmeter
• Active & reactive power measurement in three
phase system for balanced and unbalanced load
using three wattmeter method
• Two wattmeter method and
• One wattmeter method
 Wattmeter
• DC power = Vrms* I rms
• It can be measured using Ammeter and Voltmeter
• AC power = Vrms * Irms * cos ɸ
• Needs Ammeter, voltmeter and power actor
meter
• Hence wattmeter is used
• It gives reading proportional to current in current
coil, voltage across pressure coil and cosine of the
angle between voltage and current
 Wattmeter
• Combination of ammeter and voltmeter
• Consists of Current coil connected in series
with the circuit whose power is to be measured
• Pressure coil in series with high resistance R
connected across supply
• Operating torque produced due to interaction
of fluxes produced due to currents in Current
coil and Pressure coil
 Types of wattmeter
• Dynamometer type
• Induction type
• Electrostatic type
• Thermal type
 Dynamometer type wattmeter
• Construction:
– Consists of fixed coil and moving coil
– Fixed coil into 2 parts to produce uniform field
acting as current coil
– Moving coil used as pressure coil
– Spring control is used
– Damping is provided by Air friction
– Eddy current damping can not be provided as
permanent magnet will distort the field
Construction
Circuit diagram
Constructional diagram
 Working Principle
• Fixed coil carries current through the circuit
and produces magnetic field
• Moving coil carries current proportional to
voltage across the circuit and produces its
magnetic field
• The magnetic fields of the two coils interact
and cause moving coil to turn about its axis
 Advantages
• Free from hysteresis and eddy current losses
• Can be used for AC and DC measurement
• Scale is uniform
• Highly accurate
 Disadvantages
• Costlier
• More no of turns of coil required as iron core
is not used
• Torque to weight ratio is small
• Operate on weak magnetic field
• Needs magnetic shielding
Torque equation
 Errors and their compensation
1. Error due to inductance of Pressure coil
– In practice pressure coil is not purely inductive but
has some inductance
– Current through pressure coil lags behind the
voltage by angle (ɸ-θ)
– Deflecting torque Td increases and wattmeter gives
higher reading
– Similarly, it gives lower reading on leading power
factor
– Compensation: Capacitance connected across
series resistance
2. Error due to capacitance of Pressure coil

– Pressure coil also has some capacitance

– Current through pressure coil leads the voltage by
angle (ɸ+θ)
– Deflecting torque Td decreases and wattmeter
gives lower reading
– Compensation: By making inductive and
capacitive reactance equal.
– XL=XC
 3. Error due to eddy currents
• Alternating magnetic field generate eddy
currents
• Eddy currents create their own magnetic field
• Alter the phase and magnitude of the
magnetic field causing deflection
• Compensation: Solid metal parts kept away
from current coil
 4. Error in Power loss in pressure coil or
current coil
• Error in the wattmeter reading is introduced
due to connection of
– Pressure coil on supply side (Current coil on load
side)
– Current coil on supply side (Pressure coil on load
side)
Pressure Coil on supply side
(Current coil on load side)
• Potential across pressure coil = Potential across
load +potential across current coil
• Wattmeter reading = Load power + copper loss
in current coil
• Wattmeter reading = Load power (true power)
+Ic2Rcc
• To measure power of circuits with small currents
• Wattmeter reading > True power
Current coil on supply side
(Pressure Coil on load side)
• Current through current coil = Current through
load + current through potential coil (I+ Ipc)
• Wattmeter reading = Load power + Power lost
across pressure coil
• Wattmeter reading = Load power (true power)
+V2/Rpc
• To measure power of circuits with large currents
• Wattmeter reading > True power
 Compensation
• Compensating coil connected in series with
the potential coil but it produces field in
opposite direction to that by current coil.
 5. Error due to friction
• Error Due to non alignment of two pivots:
• Compensation: Pivots supported from
insulating winding or former
• Use of continuous spindle
 [Link] due to mutual inductance
• Mutual inductance between current and
potential coils
• Errors increase with frequency
• Compensation: Coils are so arranged so as to
have zero mutual inductance
7. Errors due to vibration of moving system

• Torque n the moving system varies with

frequency
• It is double the frequency of voltage
• If torque frequency = natural frequency of
mechanical parts like pointer, the moving
system vibrates with maximum amplitude
• Reading can not be taken
• Compensation: Proper designing of instrument
 8. Errors due to stray field
• Operate on weak magnetic field
• So errors introduced due to external or stray
magnetic field
• Compensation: Magnetic shielding by
laminated nickel iron screen
Low power factor meter
Limitations of ordinary wattmeters
• Ordinary wattmeter can not measure power
of low power factor loads due to
– Small deflecting torque
– Inductance of pressure coil
Low power factor meter
 Features
• Pressure coil circuit of low resistance
• Large current, large operating torque
• Compensating coil
• Compensation for inductance of pressure coil
• Small control torque so that full scale
deflection even on low power factor
Polyphase wattmeter
Polyphase wattmeters
• Based on the principle that two single phase
wattmeters are sufficient to measure three
phase power
• Double element meter consisting of two
elements mounted one above the other in the
same case
Connection diagram of polyphase
wattmetwer
Three phase power
measurement
 Three phase power measurement
• Using
– Three wattmeter method
– Two wattmeter method
– One wattmeter method using two way switch
Three wattmeter method
• Used for 3 phase 4 wire circuit
• W1= VRN*IRN cos φ
• W2= VYN*IYN cos φ
• W3= VBN*IBN cos φ
• Total power = W1 + W2 + W3
Two wattmeter method
• It is a convenient and popular method of
measuring three phase power
• The method is known as "Two Wattmeter
Method", since two wattmeter are required.
• It does not need the neutral point.
• It also does not need opening or cutting
through in case of the delta connected system.
 Two wattmeter method
• This method is valid for both the balanced as
well as the unbalanced conditions.
• Further, the method of connecting is same
irrespective of the delta or star connections of
the supply or the load.
• Two current coils connected in series with the
load in two phases and the two pressure coils
are connected between two phases and the
third phase respectively.
Circuit diagram
 Theory
• 3 phase power is given by
• P= 3VphIph
• For delta connection VL = Vph and IL=
√3 Iph
• For star connection, VL = √3 Vph and
IL= Iph
• P=√3VLIL
• The phasor sum of the three phase currents must be
zero in case of three wire systems (i.e. without the
neutral wire).
• Hence at all instants,
iR + i Y + iB = 0
• iB = (- iR - iY)
• P = vR . iR + vY . iY + vB . (- iR - iY)
• = iR (vR - vB) + iY .(vY - vB)
• = iR . vRB + iY . vYB
Arithmetically,
P = VRB . IR .cos Ø1 + VYB . IY .cos Ø2
P= W1 +W2
Ø1 = Angle between IR and VRB
Ø2 = Angle between IR and VYB
Phasor diagram for unity power factor
• Thus Ø1 = Ø2 = 30
• W1 +W2 = VRB . IR .cos Ø1 + VYB . IY .cos Ø2
• = VRB . IR cos 30 + VYB . IY cos 30
• = (√3/2) VRB . IR + (√3/2) VYB . IY
• Each wattmeter shows equal reading and
measures half of total power
Phasor diagram for lagging power factor
 Lagging power factor
• Thus
• Ø1 = 30 – φ
• Ø2 = 30 + φ
• P= W1 +W2 = VRB . IR .cos Ø1 + VYB . IY .cos Ø2
• = VRB . IR cos (30 – φ) + VYB . IY cos (30 + φ)
• = (√3Vph ) (Iph) ([Link] Ø + [Link] Ø)
+ (√3 Vph ) (Iph) (cos30. cos Ø - [Link] Ø)
P = W1 +W2 = √[Link]. COS Ø
• Now W1 - W2
= [Link]. cos (30 – Ø) - [Link]. cos (30 + Ø)
= [Link]. ([Link] Ø + [Link] Ø ))- [Link].
([Link] Ø-[Link] Ø)
= 2 [Link] [Link] Ø
= 2 [Link] x 0.5 x sin Ø
= [Link] Ø
So, 3 phase Reactive power = √[Link]
=√3(W1 - W2)

• Taking ratio of (W1-W2) to (W1 +W2)

• =
 Points to be noted for lagging power factor load

φ W1 W2 Power Total
factor power

<60 Increasing decreasing >0.5 W1 + W2

60 (√3/2) total 0 0.5 (√3/2)
power total
power
>60 Positive Negative <0.5 W1 - W2
(Current coil
or pressure
coil to be
reversed)
 For leading power factor load
(φ taken negative)
φ W1 W2 Power Total power
factor
<60 decreasing Increasing >0.5 W1 + W2

60 0 (√3/2) total 0.5 (√3/2) total

power power

>60 Negative Positive <0.5 W2 – W1

(Current coil or
pressure coil to be
reversed)
 Calculations
• Calculations:-
•
• 1. Total Active Power P = W1+W2 Watt
• 2. Total Active Power P = 3 [Link] Φ
• So, cos Φ = P / (3 [Link].)
• 3. Total Reactive power Q= √3 (W1-W2) VAR
Reactive power measurement by single
wattmeter method
Circuit diagram
Phasor diagram
• WR = [Link]. cos (90- Ø)= [Link] Ø
• Total reactive power
Q = √[Link] = √[Link] Ø
 Calculations

• Reactive power = √3 WR
Active & reactive power measurement using one
wattmeter method with two way switch
Circuit diagram
 Theory
• 3 ph Active power is given by P= √[Link]. cos Ø
• 3 ph reactive power is given by Q= √[Link]. sin Ø
• Two methods available for measurement of active and
reactive power
– 1. Two wattmeter method
– 2. One wattmeter method
• The modification of two wattmeter method is done in
such a way that one wattmeter and two way switch is
used and by proper connection, the readings of the
wattmeters are noted.
• By keeping switch at position ‘1’ (see circuit diagram)
W1 is noted, and at position ‘2’ W2 is noted.
Switch Voltage Current Phase W1 W2 Active Reactive power
position across through difference power
pressure current between
coil coil current
and
voltage of
wattmeter

1 VRB IR 30-φ [Link]. cos [Link]. cos W1+W2 √3(W1-W2)

(30- Ø) (30+ Ø)

2 VRY IR
 CALCULATIONS

•
• Active Power P = W1+W2 Watt
•
• Reactive power Q= √3 (W1-W2) VAR