Waste Management

Presented by
Manohar P
Assistant Professor
 Contents
• Solid Waste Management
• Bio-medical Waste Management
• Hazardous Waste Management
• E-waste Management
• Industrial And Municipal Sludge
Management
BIO-MEDICAL WASTE
MANAGEMENT
 Introduction
• Any waste, which is generated during
the diagnosis, treatment or
immunization of human beings or
animals or research activities
pertaining thereto or in the
production or testing of biological or
in health camps.
Typical Waste Compositions In
Health-care Facilities
 Sources of Bio-medical
Waste
• Hospitals
• Nursing homes
• Laboratories
• Clinics
• Slaughter houses
• Mortuaries
• Research institutes
• Blood banks
• Immunization centres
 DEFINITION
 Hospital waste: refers to all waste, biological or
non biological, that is discarded and is not
intended for further use
 Medical waste: refers to materials generated
as a result of patient diagnoses, treatment,
immunization of human beings or animals
 Infectious waste: are the portion of medical
waste that could transmit an ‘infectious disease’.
 Pathological waste : waste removed during
surgery/ autopsy or other medical procedures
including human tissues, organs, body parts,
body fluids and specimens along their
containers.
 CLASSIFICATION OF HEALTH CARE
WASTE
•INFECTIOUS WASTE
 Lab cultures
 Waste from isolation wards
 Tissues(swabs)
 Materials/equipments of infected
patients
• PATHOLOGICAL WASTE
 Excreta
 Human tissues/fluids
 Body parts
 Blood or body fluids
GENOTOXIC WASTE
 Waste Containing Cytotoxic
Drugs(often Used In Cancer
Theraphy)
 Genotoxic Chemicals

CHEMICAL WASTE
 Lab reagents
 Film developer
 Expired disinfectants
 Expired solvents

WASTE WITH HIGH CONTENT

OF HEAVY METALS

 Waste with high content of

heavy metals
 Batteries
 Broken thermometers
 Blood pressure guages etc
PRESSURIZED CONTAINERS
 Gas cylinders
 Gas catridges
 Aerosol cans
 RADIOACTIVE WASTE
 Radiotherapy/lab research liquids
 Contaminated glass wares,
packages, absorbent papers
 OBJECTIVES OF THE WASTE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

• To reduce the infectious/hazardous nature of the

waste
• To reduce the volume of the waste

• To prevent misuse or abuse of the waste

• To ensure occupational safety and health

• To reuse the items that can be of repeat utility

• To recycle the waste so that it can serve as another

utility item.
 SAFE WASTE MANAGEMENT
PRACTICES
• It helps to –
 To maintain order and cleanliness in the
hospital
 To maintain a healthy environment for
patients, staff and public
 To prevent spread of infectious diseases

 To project good impression of the

management.
 STRATEGIES ADOPTED FOR
HOSPITAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
1.Waste reduction strategy
2.Waste assessment strategy
3.Waste recycling strategy
4.Hospital waste disposal –
 Collection of wastes
 Source segregation
 Transportation
 Storage
 Treatment
 Collection of waste
• The wastes should be collected and stored in a
thick, noncorrosive, disposable plastic bags kept
in a hard plastic container of suitable size covered
with a lid.
• All containers having specified colored plastic bags
should be located at the point of waste generation.
• The containers need to be cleaned with hot water
frequently.
• Containers for recyclable wastes should be
kept away from those for infectious wastes,
to avoid mixing.
 Source segregation
• The hospital wastes of different categories are
best segregated at source by personnel who
generate the waste.

• Mistakes done in segregation can result in

serious health risks as some infectious
wastes may be taken for recycling.

• Plastic bagsshouldbe allowedto fill to a maximum

of three quarters of their capacity.

• Wastes which need pre-treatment should be

 Transportation
• There should be a designated waste route

• Separate time for transportation of bio-

medical waste
• Designated wheeled carts or containers
should be used

• Equipment used for transport

should be frequently cleaned
using disinfectants.
 Storage
• No untreated bio-medical waste shall be kept
untreated for more than 48 hours

• If it is stored for more than 48 hours, the

authorized person should inform higher
authority.

• The authorized person should take measures

that it does not affect human health
and environment.
 Treatment & Disposal
• The objectives of treatment are –
 Decontamination of the waste to render it non-
infectious
 Reduction of bulk volume by incineration.

 To give the waste an aesthetic look, e.g. for

body parts, etc.
 To destroy reusable infected materials like
needles and blades.
 Selection of treatment
methods depends on -
 Waste characteristics
 Quantity of waste for treatment and
disposal
 Infrastructure and availability of
equipment
 Environmental and safety factors
 Public acceptability
 Cost consideration
 Incineration
• Waste that cannot be recycled, reused or disposed
off in a landfill site.
• Burning the waste in a simple kiln or incinerator to
a very high temperature of about 1000°C.
• Volume reduction of 85-95 percent.
• Reduction of organic and combustible solid
waste to inorganic, incombustible matter
• The ash may be collected in thick
puncture proof bags and stored for
periodic dumping into community landfill
• There are basically three types of
incinerators:
I. Double chamber pyrolytic
incinerators

II. Single chamber furnaces

III. Rotary kilns

 Chemical Disinfection
• Chemical disinfectants such as bleaching powder,

glutaraldehyde, alcohols or quaternary ammonium

compounds are used.

• Most suitable for treating liquid waste such as blood,

urine, stools or hospital sewage.

• Solid wastes such as sharps and microbiological

cultures may also be disinfected.

• Highly efficient, inexpensive

• Hazardous – requires safety measures.

 Wet Thermal Treatment
(Autoclaving)
• Wastes are exposed to steam at a particular
temperature (121℃-149℃) and pressure (15 – 51psi)
over a specified period of time ( 30 – 60 minute).
• There is no change in the volume or appearance of the
waste.
• A shredder or grinder can used after treatment
• Odours can be a problem around autoclaves
• Regular validation tests using biological indicators
( Bacillus stearothermophilus spore) should be
performed at periodic intervals.
• Low investment and operating costs.
• Requires qualified technicians
 Dry Thermal Treatment
 The waste is heated in a rotating
auger
 Reduced 80% in volume and 20 –
35% in weight
 Suited for treating infectious wastes
and sharps
 Should not be used for pathological,
cytotoxic and radioactive waste.
 Microwave Irradiation
• Microorganisms are destroyed by microwave of 2450
MHz and 12.24 nm.
• Cultures, sharps, materials contaminated with blood
and body fluids, isolation and surgery waste,
laboratory waste (excluding chemical waste) and soft
waste from patient care can be treated by microwave.
• Good disinfection efficiency
• Reduction in waste volume
• Costly.
 HAZARDOUS WASTE
MANAGEMENT
• DEFINITION: Any residues or combination
of residues other than radioactive waste
which by reason of its chemical reactivity
or toxic, explosive, corrosive or other
characteristics causes potential hazard to
human or environment, either alone or
when in contact with other wastes and
which therefore cannot be handled, store,
transported, treated or disposed off
without special precautions.
 SOURCES
• Inorganic &organic chemicals
• Petroleum refineries
• Iron & steel
• Non ferrous metals
• Leather tanning
• Metal finishing.
RULES & REGULATIONS OF HW

Aim at providing control

Specify the responsibilities
Regulations governing generators of
HW
1.Preparation For Transport
2.Manifest Requirements
3.Record Keeping & Reporting
Regulations governing transporters
of HW
1. Notification Prior To Transport
2. Manifest Requirements
TRANSPORTATION & STORAGE
OF HW
 The CRADLE TO GRAVE concept
HW generated at source requires
movement by trucks to further.
Requires serious care & attention
while moving
HW to be properly packed & labeled
for transport to ensure safe handling
Storage facilities are used to store
waste temporarily before treatment &
disposal.
 HAZARDOUS WASTE
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
•OBJECTIVES:
1. Waste minimization
2. Detoxification & neutralization of
waste by treatments
3. Destruction of combustible
waste by incineration
4. Solidification of sludge & ash from
steps from 2 & 3
5. Disposal of residues in landfills.
 1.Waste Minimization
Helps in resource conservation,
economic efficiency & environmental
protection.
The strategies include—
• Source reduction,
• Recycling and
• Waste exchange
2. TREATMENT METHODS

Physical Treatment
Chemical Treatment
Biological Treatment
 Physical treatment
• Involves variety of separation
techniques
• Whenever a waste containing liquid
& solid must be treated.
• Physical processes are
• Screening, sedimentation,
centrifugation, flotation,
adsorption, stripping and RO.
 Chemical treatment
To make the complete breakdown of
HW into non toxic form and
To reduce the hazard of a particular
waste
Chemical methods are ::
Neutralization, precipitation,
oxidation and reduction.
 Neutralization: carried out when the
waste contains excessive amount of acid
or alkali.
 Chemical oxidation: used to destroy
toxic cyanide molecule with oxidizing
agents
 Reduction: used in the conversion of
hexa-valent chromium into trivalent
chromium before it can be precipitated.
 Biological Treatment
 Different types of microorganisms
are used for degradation of specific
compounds of HW
 Some microbes found in soil &
sewage sludge have been tested in
the degradation of organic chemicals
 Tests have been conducted to degrade
PCBs using pseudomonas & flavo
bacterium.
 Psuedomonas bacteria – benzene,
phenol ,cresol.
 3. INCINERATION
 Able to achieve 99.99% destruction &
removal efficiency of hazardous
components in waste.
 Primary products are co2, vapour & ash
 Sulphur bearing wastes gives off
SO2, CO2, H2O when incinerated.
 By products of incomplete
combustion are sometimes more
harmful.
 Two types of incinerators: liquid
injection system, rotary kilns.
4.Solidification or Stabilization

Convert the waste into an

insoluble,rock hard material.
Additive materials used to reduce the
mobility of pollutants in the waste.
Certain materials like nickel cannot
be destroyed or detoxified by
above methods.
The residues that are left out are
solidified to reduce the leachability.
5.DISPOSAL METHODS
 The options for disposal include land
disposal, underground disposal &
deep well injection.
 The choice of disposal method should
be based on evaluation of economics
& potential pollution risks.
 To prevent environmental pollution
from landfills , it is essential that site
c/s are taken into account.
E-Waste Management
 Definition
 Electronic waste, popularly
known as ‘e- waste’ can be defined
as electronic equipment's or
products connects with power plug,
batteries which have become
obsolete due to:
1.Advancement in technology
2.Changes in fashion, style and
status
3.Nearing the end of their useful
 Classification of E-waste
 E-waste encompasses ever
growing range of obsolete products
classified as
1.Electronic devices such as
computers, servers, main
frames, monitors, TVs & display
devices
2.Telecommunication devices such
as cellular phones & pagers,
calculators, audio and video
devices, printers, scanners, fax
machines, refrigerators, air
3.Recording devices such as DVDs, CDs,
floppies, tapes, printing cartridges,
military electronic waste, automobile
catalytic converters.
4.Electronic components such as
chips, processors, mother boards,
printed circuit boards, industrial
electronics such as sensors, alarms,
sirens, security devices, automobile
electronic devices.
 Effects of E-waste
On Environment
• On Human Health
 Pollution of Ground-
 DNA damage.
Water.
 Lung Cancer.
 Acidification of soil.
 Damage to heart, liver
 Air Pollution.
and spleen.
 E-Waste accounts for 40
 Chronic damage to the
percent of the lead and
75 percent of the heavy brain.

metals found in landfills.  Asthmatic bronchitis.

 Sources of E-waste
 IT and Telecom Equipments
 Large Household Appliances
 Small Household Appliances
 Consumer & Lighting Equipments
 Electrical & Electronic Tools
 Toys, Leisure & Sports Equipment
 Medical Devices
 Monitoring & Control Instruments
Sources of E-waste
Sources of E-waste
Sources of E-waste
Composition of E-Waste
 E-Waste Management
• The major components of E-waste
Management are-
 E-waste collection, sorting and
transportation.
 E-waste recycling.
• In industries, management of E-
waste is done by Waste
– Minimization Techniques. It involves-
 Inventory management,
 Production-process modification,
 Volume reduction,
 Recycli
ng of
Treatment Options of E-Waste
 Land filling.
 Incineration.
Technology Currently Used in India
 Decontamination.
 Dismantling.
 Pulverization/ Hammering.
 Shredding.
 Density separation using water.
Related Organizations
 E-Parisaraa Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, Karnataka.

 Attero Recycling Pvt. Ltd., Roorkee,

Uttarakhand.

 Eco Recycling Pvt. Ltd., Andheri(East), Mumbai.

 K. G. Nandini, near Bangalore, Karnataka.

 Trishyiraya Recycling India Pvt. Ltd., Chennai.

 Tess Amm Ltd., Chennai.

 Responsibilities of the
Government
 Government should set up
regulatory agencies.
 Government should provide an
adequate system of laws and
controls.
 Government must encourage
research into the development and
production of less hazardous
equipments.
 Responsibility and Role of
industries
 Generators of wastes should take
responsibility to determine the
output characteristics of wastes.
 All involved person should be
properly qualified and trained in
handling e-waste in industries.
 Companies should adopt waste
minimization techniques.
 Responsibilities of the
Citizen
 Reuse
 Donating used electronics to
schools, non-profit organizations,
and lower-income families.
 E-wastes should never be disposed
with garbage and other household
wastes.
 These wastes should be collected at
a separate site and they should be
sent for various processes like
Reuse, Recycling, and Donating.