CONCRETE MIX DESIGN

IS:10262-2019

By- RAJIV KUMAR

1
 Mix Design
References
• IS 10262 : 2019 – CONCRETE MIX PROPORTIONING – GUIDELINES
(Second revision)
First published in 1982 (Recommended guidelines for concrete
mix design),
First revision in 2009 (Concrete mix proportioning – guidelines).

• IS 456 : 2000 – Plain & reinforced cement concrete- code

of practice (forth revision) Amendments up to 5 (July 2019)
• CBC : 2014– Code of practice for plain, reinforced &
prestressed concrete for general bridge construction
• IS 269:2015 - Specification for ordinary Portland cement

2
 References
• IS 1489:2015 - Specification for Portland Pozzolana cement
Part 1 and 2
• IS 16714:2018- Specification for Ground Granulated Blast
Furnace Slag cement
• IS 9103:1999 - Specification for admixtures for concrete (first
revision)
• IS 15388-2003 - Specification for silica fumes
• IS 383:2016 ( Third Revision) - Specification for coarse and fine
aggregates from natural sources for concrete
• IS 2386 (Part 3) : 1963 – Method of test for aggregates for
concrete : part 3 specific gravity, density, voids, absorption and
bulking.
3
 IS-10262 : 2019 (Second Revision)
CONCRETE MIX PROPORTIONING - GUIDELINES
Major modifications made In second revision :

1. This standard is applicable for ordinary, standard and high strength

concrete grades.

2. The standard has been divided into five sections, as follows:

a) Section 1 General
b) Section 2 Ordinary and standard grades of concrete
c) Section 3 High strength grades of concrete
d) Section 4 Self compacting concrete
e) Section 5 Mass concrete

4
 IS-10262 : 2019 (Second Revision)
CONCRETE MIX PROPORTIONING - GUIDELINES

3. Mix proportioning procedure for high strength concrete for M 65

or above (up to target strength of M100) has been included.

4. The standard also covers provisions for the mix proportioning of

self compacting concrete and mass concrete.

5. The target mean strength for mix proportioning formula has been
refined to include a new factor based on the grade of concrete.

This has been done to ensure a minimum margin between the

characteristic compressive strength and the target mean
compressive strength.

5
 IS-10262 : 2019 (Second Revision)
CONCRETE MIX PROPORTIONING - GUIDELINES

6. The calculations for standard deviation have been detailed.

7. Illustrative annexes for concrete mix proportioning for PPC,

OPC with fly ash, OPC with GGBS, high strength concrete,
self compacting concrete and mass concrete have been
provided.

8. A graph of water-cement ratio versus 28 days strength of

concrete has been introduced for different grades and types
of cement, as an alternate method for assuming the initial
water-cement ratio.

6
7
 IS-10262 : 2019 (Second Revision)
CONCRETE MIX PROPORTIONING - GUIDELINES

9. Guidelines on using/selecting water reducing admixtures have

been introduced as an informatory annex (see Annex G).

10. The consideration of air content in design of normal (non-air

entrained) concrete mix proportion, has been reintroduced.

11. It is suggested that the concrete mix proportioning in the

laboratory may be carried out at a temperature of 27± 2°C,
relative humidity of minimum 60 percent, and the
temperature of concrete may be 27 ± 3°C.

8
 Types Of Mix
1. Nominal Mix:
a. Used for relatively unimportant and simpler works.
b. No scope for any deviation by the designer since
ingredients are prescribed and their proportions specified.
c. May be used for M-20 or lower.

Table 9 - IS 456

Kg

9
 Types Of Mix
2. Design Mix:

a. Performance based mix.

b. Choice of ingredients and proportioning are left to
designer.
c. User has to specify requirements of concrete in fresh as
well as in hardened state only.

Fresh concrete – Workability, Bleeding & Segregation.

Hardened concrete – Compressive strength, durability,
Impermeability & surface finish.

10
 Defination
DESIGN MIX
• It is a process of selecting suitable
ingredients and determining their relative
proportions with the objective of producing
concrete of having certain minimum
workability, strength and durability as
economically as possible.

Objective as per IS-10262 : 2009

• The objective of proportioning concrete
mixes is to arrive at the most economical
and practical combinations of different
ingredients to produce concrete that will 11
 Sampling
1. One sample comprising of 3 cubes shall be taken
from each shift.
Quantity of concrete in work Number of samples (Min)
2. Samples should be taken at random and should
1-5 cum
be representative 1
of actual concrete.
6-15 2
16-30 3
31-50 4
51 and above 4 + 1 additional sample for each
additional 50 cum or part thereof.

12
 Sampling
• Three test specimens (cubes) shall be made for each
sample for testing at 28 days.

• Additional samples may be required for various purposes

such as to determine the strength of concrete at 3 days/
7 days or at the time of striking the formwork, or to
determine the duration of curing or to check the testing
error.
• Additional samples may also be required for testing
samples cured by accelerated methods as described in
IS 9103.
• The specimen shall be tested as described in IS 516. 13
 Cube Casting (IS 516)

1. Concrete is filled in mould in 3 equal layers.

2. Manual compaction - Each layer is tamped 35 times
by bullet headed tamping rod of 16 mm dia and 600
mm long.

3. Needle/plate vibrator can also be used.

4. The cube in mould is covered with glass/metal

plate.

5. Stripped after 16-24 hrs and then submerged in

pond till testing.

6. Light marking of date and number for identification

is done .
14
 Cube Testing
1. 3 cubes constitute one sample.
2. Smooth faces should face top and bottom during
testing.
3. The rate of loading on wet, towel dried, sample
should not be more than 14 N/mm2 per minute.
4. Individual variation of Cube strength should not
be
more than +15% of average strength.
If more, the test results are invalid.

e.g. grade of concrete-M30

C1=24, C2=32, C3=37 Average=93/3=31

+15% of 31 = 31+31x0.15 = 31+4.65 = 35.65
- 15% of 31 = 31-31x0.15 = 31-4.65 = 25.65 15
 Importance Of Cube Test

1. Cube strength represents the strength of the

structure
2. It indicates potential strength of the mix.
3. It detects variation in quality control at site.
4. It helps in determining the rate of gain of strength.
5. It helps in determining the time of removal of form
work.

16
 Statistical Interpretation Of Cube Results
• Cube test result is influenced by number of
factors like material, their proportions, various
processes like mixing, compaction, curing and
finally the testing procedure of cubes.
• Even the results of different cubes, cast from the
same concrete at the same time, cured and
tested in similar way may also show different
results.
• Therefore for evaluation of the test results, the
help of statistical approach is required. 17
 Understanding Of Normal Distribution Curve

 Shows the probability of concentration of test

results at this strength.
 Concentration at mean value depends upon
‘Quality control’ & S.D.
 If S.D. is less, probability of concentration of test
results will be higher at the mean value.

18
Statistical Interpretation Of Cube Results
(Histogram/Normal distribution curve)

19
Target Mean Strength

20
 80

70
NUMBER OF SPECIMENS IN 70

60
60
55
52
50
50
INTERVAL

40
35 35

30 30
30

20
15

10 10
10
7
4 5
2 3 3 3 2
0 1 1 1
0
40 41 42 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65

COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH IN MPa
21
 Standard deviation (S.D.) :

S.D. (S) = ∑ (x- µ)²

n-1

Where S = Standard deviation of the group

x = Individual test result
n = no. of test results considered
µ = Average of n test results considered
S.D. will be less if the quality control at site is better.
22
 Target Mean Strength
• From the experiments it is found that the area under the
‘Normal distribution curve’ follows certain behavior such that
area covered within a distance equal to one S.D. on either side
from mean will be equal to 34.1% of total area. Similarly 2nd &
3rd S.D. will cover additional area of 13.6% & 2.2% respectively.
Approximately 99.9% area will be covered within distance equal
to (3 x S.D) on each side from mean value.

• From this it is clear that if we require the strength equal to

mean value, probability is that only 50% cubes will have
strength equal to or more than the required strength.
• If we want to increase the % of cubes having strength equal or
more than the required strength, we will have to target for
higher strength.
23
Target Mean Strength

24
 Target Mean Strength
• So instead of placing the desired strength (fck) at mean value, it is placed on
left side of mean value by a distance equal to (k x S.D), where k will depend
upon the % of cubes we want to have strength equal or more than the desired
strength.
As per IS 456-2000, this % is 95% and therefore desired strength has to be
placed at 1.65 times S.D. left of mean.
f’ck = fck + 1.65 S
OR f’ck = fck + X Whichever is higher

Here, fck - Characteristic compressive strength at 28 days in N/mm²

f’ck - Target mean compressive strength at 28 days in N/mm²
S - Standard Deviation in N/mm²
X - Factor based on the grade of concrete, as per Table 1 of IS-10262.

The value of 1.65 is based upon the provision that 5% of the test results can be
accepted having lower than the required strength.
25
 Assumed Standard Deviation S & Value of X
(Table 1&2 of IS-10262)
Grade Of Concrete Assumed standard Value of ‘X’
deviation ‘S’ (N/mm²)
M-10, M-15 3.50 5.0
M-20, M-25 4.00 5.5
M-30, M-35, M-40, M-45
M-50, M-55, M-60 5.00 6.5

M-65, M-70, M-75, M-80 6.00 8.0

NOTES
1 The above values correspond to good degree of site control having proper
storage of cement; weigh batching of all materials; controlled addition of water;
regular checking of all materials; aggregate grading and moisture content; and
regular checking of workability and strength. Where there are deviations from
the above, the site control shall be designated as fair and the values given in the
above table for ‘S’ shall be increased by 1 N/mm2.
2 For grades M65 and above, the standard deviation may also be established by
actual trials based on assumed proportions, before finalizing the mix.

26
 Target mean strength

• While designing the mix, it should be targeted for

higher strength called ‘Target mean strength’ (f’ck) so
that not more than 5% test results fall below a desired
strength ‘fck’ i.e. characteristics strength (CS).

• Few cube test results may show less strength below CS

value. This is in accordance with the design criteria of
mix and acceptable. Therefore manipulation of results
shall not be attempted.

27
 Target mean strength

• The mix shall be designed to produce the grade of

concrete having the required workability and a
characteristic strength not less than appropriate
values given in Table 2 of IS:456-2000

• Proportion/grading of aggregate shall be made by

trial in such a way as to make densest possible
concrete.

28
 Acceptance Criteria
(As per IS-456:2000 Amend 4 of May 2013)

a. Compressive strength-
Specified Mean of the group of 4 non overlapping Individual test
Grade consecutive test results in N/mm2 results in N/mm2
M-15 and ≥ fck +0.825 x established S.D. ≥ fck - 3 N/mm2
above or
fck + 3 N/mm2, whichever is greater.

NOTE-
1. In the absence of established value of standard deviation, the values given in
Table 8 may be assumed and attempt should be made to obtain results of 30
samples as early as possible to establish the value of standard deviation.

2. For concrete of quantity up to 30m3 (where the no. of samples to be taken is less
than four as per frequency of sampling) the mean of test results of all such
samples shall be fck + 4 N/mm2 minimum and the requirement of minimum
Individual test results shall be fck - 2 N/mm2 minimum. However when no. of
sample is only one as per 15.2.2,the requirement shall be fck + 4 N/mm2 minimum
29
 Acceptance criteria
Qty of No. of Acceptance Criteria-Compressive strength
concrete Samples
cum
Mean of the samples M30 Individual test M30
in N/mm2 results in N/mm2

31-40 4 ≥ fck + 0.825 x Greater

Of
≥ fck – 3 27
established S.D,(if not 34.125
available then Table 2 of IS-
20262 0R 8 of IS-456). (30+
or fck + 3 N/mm2 0.825
whichever is greater x5=
4.125)
OR
33
16-30 3 ≥ fck + 4 N/mm2 34 ≥ fck - 2 28

6-15 2 ≥ fck + 4 N/mm2 34 ≥ fck – 2 28

1-5 1 ≥ fck + 4 34
30
Acceptance Criteria (As per IS-456:2000)
b. Flexural strength-

1. The mean determined from any group of 4 consecutive

results
> fcr+ 0.30 N/mm2.
2. The individual strength ≥ fcr - 0.30 N/mm2

Flexural strength (fcr) = 0.7 √ fck (IS-456 clause16.2.2)

31
 Data for Mix proportioning (IS:10262-2019)
1. Grade designation,
2. Type of cement, grade of cement,
3. Maximum nominal size of aggregate,
4. Workability required at the time of placement,
5. Exposure & min cement & max w/c vide table 3 & 5 of IS-456,
6. Method of placing, Transportation time,
9. Degree of site control (good/fair) or value of established
standard deviation, if any;
10. Type of coarse aggregate & fine aggregate,
11. Maximum cement content,
12. Whether chemical & mineral admixture shall or shall not be
used and the type of admixture and the condition of use.

33
 Procedure
1. Calculation of Target mean strength
2. Approximate Air Content
3. Selection Of Water-Cement Ratio
4. Selection Of Water Content
5. Adjustment of water if admixture used
6. Calculation of cementitious material content
7. Estimation of coarse aggregate proportion
8. Estimation of fine aggregate proportion
9. Mix calculations
34
 DESIGN MIX STEPS
For Ordinary & Standard Grades concrete

1. Calculation of Target mean strength

f’ck = fck + 1.65 S
OR
f’ck = fck + X Whichever is higher

2. Approximate Air content

Table 3 gives the approximate amount of entrapped
air to be expected in normal (non-air-entrained)
concrete.

35
 Assumed Standard Deviation S & Value of X
(Table 1&2 of IS-10262)
Grade Of Concrete Assumed standard Value of ‘X’
deviation ‘S’ (N/mm²)
M-10, M-15 3.50 5.0
M-20, M-25 4.00 5.5
M-30, M-35, M-40, M-45
M-50, M-55, M-60 5.00 6.5

M-65, M-70, M-75, M-80 6.00 8.0

NOTES
1 The above values correspond to good degree of site control having proper
storage of cement; weigh batching of all materials; controlled addition of water;
regular checking of all materials; aggregate grading and moisture content; and
regular checking of workability and strength. Where there are deviations from
the above, the site control shall be designated as fair and the values given in the
above table for ‘S’ shall be increased by 1 N/mm2.
2 For grades M65 and above, the standard deviation may also be established by
actual trials based on assumed proportions, before finalizing the mix.

36
 Approximate Air Content
(Table 3 of IS 10262)

Sr. Nominal Maximum Size of Entrapped Air

No. Aggregate (mm) (as % of Volume
of concrete)
1 10 1.5
2 20 1.0
3 40 0.8

37
 3. Selection Of Water-Cement Ratio
1. Table-5 of IS-456 Min cement content, max W/C ratio and min
grade of concrete for different exposures with normal weight
aggregates of 20 mm nominal maximum size.
SN Exposure RCC (Table 5)
Minimum Maximum free Minimum grade
cement content water cement of concrete
(Kg/m3) ratio
1 Mild 300 0.55 M-20
2 Moderate 300 0.50 M-25
3 Severe 320 0.45 M-30
4 Very Severe 340 0.45 M-35
5 Extreme 360 0.40 M-40
Note- CBC ,clause 5.4.3 has permitted more stringent, lower
ratio.
2. Fig-1 of IS 10262 gives free W/C ratio corresponding to expected
compressive strength of concrete for various grade of cement.
38
39
 TABLE 4 (a) : MAXIMUM WATER CEMENT RATIO
(Clause 5.4.3 of CBC)

Exposure Max. W/C Ratio

condition
PCC RCC PSC

MODERATE 0.50 0.45 0.40

SEVERE 0.45 0.40 0.40

EXTREME 0.40 0.35 0.35

40
 Procedure (IS-10262, 2019)

1. The supplementary cementitious materials i.e.

Mineral admixtures shall also be considered in
water cement ratio calculations.

2. The free water-cement ratio selected should be

checked against the limiting water cement ratio
for the requirement of durability and lower of the
2 values adopted. (From CBC ,clause 5.4.3)

41
 4. Selection Of Water Content
Table-4 of IS-10262 Water content per cubic meter of concrete
for nominal maximum size of aggregate.

SN Nominal maximum size of Maximum water content

aggregate (mm) (Kg)
1 10 208
2 20 186
3 40 165
Note: 1. These quantities of mixing water are for use in computing cementitious
material contents for trial batches.
2. Water content corresponds to SSD aggregate. (saturated surface dry condition)
3. The water content is for angular CA and for 50 mm slump range.
4. For other than 50 mm slump range, the water content can be
established by trial or an increase by about 3% for every additional 25
mm slump or alternatively by use of chemical admixtures.
5. Water reducing admixtures usually decrease water content by 5-10% and
superplasticizers by 20% and above.

42
 5. Calculation of cement/cementitious materials
. content

1. The cement and supplementary cementitious

materials
content per cubic meter can be calculated from
free
water cement ratio and the quantity of water per
cubic
meter.

2. The cementitious material should be checked

against
minimum content for the requirement of
durability and
43
greater of the two should be adopted.
 MIN. CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL CONTENT
(As per CBC Table 4(c) Clause 5.4.5)
Exposure Minimum Cementitious material
condition content in Kg/m3
PCC RCC PSC

MODERATE 240 300 400

SEVERE 250 350 430
EXTREME 300 400 440
Maximum cement content
As per IS-456-2000 (Para [Link]) - Not to exceed 450 kg/m3 when
OPC is used
As per CBC – 2014 (Clause 5.4.5) - Shall be limited to 500kg/m3.
44
 6. Estimation of coarse aggregate proportion
Table-5 of IS-10262 Volume of CA per unit volume of total
aggregate for different zones of FA.

SN Nominal Volume of CA per unit volume of total aggregate for

maximum size of different zones of fine aggregate
aggregate
(mm) Zone IV Zone III Zone II Zone I

1 10 0.54 0.52 0.50 0.48

2 20 0.66 0.64 0.62 0.60
3 40 0.73 0.72 0.71 0.69
Note: 1. The approximate values of aggregate volume are for a water
cement ratio of 0.50 which may be suitably adjusted for other
water cement ratios. The proportion of volume of coarse aggregate is

changed at the rate of -/+ 0.01 for every ± 0.05 change in w/c ratio.
2. For Pumpable concrete or when the concrete is required to be
worked around congested steel, it may be desirable to reduce 45
 7. Estimation of Volume of CA+FA

Volume-

a. Volume of entrapped air

b. Cement = Mass x 1
SG 1000

c. Water = Mass x 1
SG 1000

d. Chemical Adm. = Mass x 1

SG 1000

Volume of CA+FA = (1-a) - (b+c+d) m³

46
8. Estimation of mass of CA & FA proportion

e. The value so obtained is divided into CA and FA

fractions by volume in accordance with CA
proportion
already determined.

f. Mass of CA = Volume x SG x 1000

g. Mass of FA = Volume x SG x 1000

47
 Quantities per 1 m³ of concrete:
1. Cement - kg/m3
2. Water - kg/m3
3. CA - Kg/m3
4. FA - Kg/m3
5. Chemical admixture - Kg/m3
6. Water cement ratio -
This is first trial mix, TM – 0
Note -
7. Aggregate should be used in SSD condition.
8. If otherwise, allowance shall be made for free(surface) moisture
contributed by the CA and FA.
3. On the other hand, if the aggregates are dry, the amount of mixing
water should be increased equal to the moisture likely to be absorbed.
4. Necessary adjustments are also required in mass of aggregates.
5. The surface water and percentage water absorption of aggregates
shall be determined according to IS 2386.
48
 9. Trial Mixes –
1. Workability of TM-0 will be measured.

2. The mix will be carefully observed for freedom from

segregation, bleeding and finishing properties.

2. If the workability of TM-0 is same to that of stipulated

value,
then TM-0 will be TM-01.

3. If the workability of TM-0 is different from the stipulated

value,
the water and/or admixture content shall be adjusted
suitably.

4. With this adjustment, the mix proportions will be

calculated
again keeping same W/C ratio.
49
This will be TM-01.
5. In addition, 2 more TM no. 2 and TM no. 3 will be made
with
same water content and varying the W/C ratio by
+10%.

6. A graph between 3 W/C ratios and their corresponding

strengths at 28 days will be plotted to work out the

mix proportions for the given Targeted mean strength
TMS.

7. However, durability requirement shall be met.

50
51
 Example - M40 grade
STIPULATIONS FOR PROPORTIONING
a) Grade designation - M40
b) Type of cement - PPC 43 grade conforming to IS 1489(Part-I)
c) Maximum nominal size of aggregate - 20mm
d) Minimum cement content as per table 3 & Maximum water-
cement ratio as per table 5 of IS 456 to be adopted. (320 kg/m3 &
0.45)
f) Workability - 75 mm (slump)
g) Exposure condition - Severe (for reinforced concrete)
h) Method of concrete placing – Chute (Non pumpable)
j) Degree of supervision - Good
k) Type of aggregate - Crushed angular aggregate
m) Maximum cement content - 450 kg/m3
n) Chemical admixture type - Superplasticizer 52
TEST DATA FOR MATERIALS
a) Cement used - PPC 43 grade conforming to IS 1489(Part-I)

b) Specific gravity of cement – 2.88

c) Chemical admixture - Superplasticizer conforming to IS 9103

d) Specific gravity of:

1) Coarse aggregate (at SSD condition) – 2.74
2) Fine aggregate (at SSD condition) – 2.65
3) Chemical Admixture – 1.145

e) Water absorption:
1) Coarse aggregate - 0.5%
2) Fine aggregate – 1.0%
53
f) Moisture content of aggregate (As per IS 2386 (Part-3)):
1) Coarse aggregate - Nil
2) Fine aggregate – Nil

g) Sieve analysis:
1) Coarse aggregate - 20mm aggregates as per IS 383
2) Fine aggregate - Conforming to grading Zone II of
Table 9 of IS 383

54
 CALCULATIONS FOR MIX PROPORTIONING
1. TARGET STRENGTH FOR MIX PROPORTIONING
f'ck = fck + 1.65 S OR fck + X whichever is higher

Where, f'ck = target average compressive strength at 28 days,

fck = characteristic compressive strength at 28 days, and
S = standard deviation.
X = factor based on grade of concrete
From Table 2 of IS 10262 standard deviation, S = 5 N/mm2
Table 2 of IS 10262, X = 6.5
Therefore, target strength
a) f'ck = 40 + 1.65 x 5 = 48.25 N/mm2
b) f'ck = 40 + 6.5 = 46.5 N/mm2
Higher of the above - 48.25 N/mm2
55
2. Approximate Air content
From Table 3, the approximate amount of entrapped air to be
expected in normal (non-air-entrained) concrete is 1.0 percent
for 20 mm nominal maximum size of aggregate.
3. Selection of water-cement ratio
From Fig. 1, free w/c required for the target strength of 48.25
N/mm2 is 0.36 for OPC 43 grade curve.
(For PPC, the strength corresponding to OPC 43 grade curve is assumed for
the trial).
From Table 5 of IS 456, maximum water-cement ratio = 0.45.
prescribed for ‘severe’ exposure for reinforced concrete.
0.36 < 0.45, hence O.K.
Also for rly bridges as per CBC refer clause 5.4.3, Table 4(a) ,it is
0.40 ,hence okay
56
4. SELECTION OF WATER CONTENT

From Table 4, maximum water content = 186 kg

for 20 mm aggregate, (for 50 mm slump)

Estimated water content for 75 mm slump = 186 + (3/100 X 186)

= 191.58 kg
As superplasticizer is used, the water content may be reduced.
Based on trial data, the water content reduction of 23 percent is
considered while using super plasticizer at the rate 1.0 percent by
weight of cement.
Hence the water content
= 191.58 × 0.77
= 147.52 kg ≈ 148 kg
57
5. CALCULATION OF CEMENT CONTENT
Water-cement ratio = 0.36
Cement content = 148/0.36 = 411.11 kg/m3 ≈ 412 kg/m3

From Table 5 of IS 456, minimum cement content for 'severe'

exposure condition = 320 kg/m3

412 kg/m3 > 320 kg/m3, hence, O.K.

From Table 4(c) of CBC, minimum cement content for 'severe'

exposure condition = 350 kg/m3, hence, O.K.

58
6. PROPORTION OF VOLUME OF COARSE AGGREGATE AND FINE
AGGREGATE CONTENT

From Table 5 of IS-10262,the proportionate volume of coarse

aggregate corresponding to 20 mm size aggregate and fine
aggregate (Zone II) for water-cement ratio of 0.50 = 0.62

In the present case, water-cement ratio is 0.36

Therefore volume of coarse aggregate is required to be increased
to decrease the fine aggregate content.

As the water-cement ratio is lower by 0.14, the proportion of

volume of coarse aggregate is increased by 0.028 (at the rate of -/+
0.01 for every ± 0.05 change in water-cement ratio).
Therefore corrected proportion of volume of coarse aggregate for
the water-cement ratio of 0.36 = 0.62 + 0.028 = 0.648
59
 Volume of fine aggregate content = 1 – 0.648 = 0.352

7. MIX CALCULATIONS
The mix calculations per unit volume of concrete shall be as follows:
a) Volume of concrete = 1 m3
b) Volume of entrapped air in wet concrete = 0.01 m3
c) Volume of cement = Mass of cement x 1
Specific gravity of cement 1000
= 412/2.88 x 1/1000
= 0.143 m3
d) Volume of water = Mass of water x 1
Specific gravity of cement 1000
= 148/1 x 1/1000
= 0.148 m3
60
e) Volume of chemical admixture
(superplasticizer@ 1.0 percent by mass of cementitious material)
= Mass of chemical admixture x 1
Specific gravity of admixture 1000
= 4.12/1.145 x 1/1000
= 0.0036 m3

g) Volume of all in aggregate = [(a-b) - (c +d+e)}

= (1-0.01) - (0.143 + 0.148 + 0.0036)
= 0.695 m3

h) Mass of coarse aggregate = g x Volume of coarse aggregate x

Specific gravity of coarse aggregate x 1000
= 0.695 x 0.648 x 2.74 x 1000
= 1233.98 kg ≈ 1234 kg
61
j) Mass of fine aggregate = g x volume of fine aggregate x Specific
gravity of fine aggregate x 1000
= 0.695 x 0.352 x 2.65 x 1000
= 648.29 kg ≈ 648 kg

7. MIX PROPORTIONS FOR TRIAL NUMBER 0 (TM-0)

Cement = 412 kg/m3
Water = 148 kg/m3
Fine aggregate = 648 kg/m3
Coarse aggregate = 1234 kg/m3
Chemical admixture = 4.12 kg/m3
Free Water-cement ratio = 0.36

62
 ADJUSTMENT ON WATER, FINE AND COARSE AGGREGATE
(IF THE COARSE AND FINE AGGREGATE IS IN DRY CONDITION)

a) Fine Aggregate (Dry)

= Mass of fine aggregate in SSD condition
1 + water absorption /100
= 648
1+ 1/100
= 641.58 kg/m3 ≈ 642 kg/m3

b) Coarse Aggregate (Dry)

= Mass of coarse aggregate in SSD condition
1 + water absorption /100
= 1234
1+ 0.5/100
= 1 227.86 kg/m3 ≈ 1 228 kg/m3

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The extra water to be added for absorption by coarse
and fine aggregate,

1) For coarse aggregate = Mass of coarse aggregate in SSD

condition – mass of coarse aggregate in dry condition
= 1 234 – 1 228 = 6 kg

2) For fine aggregate = Mass of fine aggregate in SSD condition –

mass of fine aggregate in dry condition
= 648 – 642 = 6 kg

The estimated requirement for added water, therefore, becomes

= 148 + 6 + 6 = 160 kg/m3

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MIX PROPORTIONS AFTER ADUSTMENT FOR DRY AGGREGATES

Cement = 412 kg/m3

Water (to be added) = 160 kg/m3
Fine aggregate (Dry) = 642 kg/m3
Coarse aggregate (Dry) = 1 228 kg/m3
Chemical admixture = 4.12 kg/m3
Free water-cement ratio = 0.36

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• Prepare the concrete mix with the above proportion of
ingredients. (Trial mix TM-0)

• Find out workability.

• If workability is exactly same as required, i.e. 75 mm slump, then

no further adjustment is made.

• If measured workability is different from initially assumed, then

water content adjustment will again be made keeping w/c ratio
same. Final qty. of materials will again be calculated. (Trial mix
TM-1)

• Two more trial mixes TM-2 & TM-3 will be made, one with 10%
less w/c and other with 10% more w/c, fulfilling workability
need, but keeping water content same. 66
• Now one sample (three cubes) with each trial mix is
casted.
• 28 days compressive strength is found out.
• This strength is plotted against w/c ratio and a curve will
be obtained.
• From this curve, w/c ratio for the required TMS is found
out for our design mix.
• This w/c ratio is used to calculate again the ingredient
quantities so that the mix prepared with these
quantities will satisfy the requirements of not only
strength but workability also.
• The entire process is a DESIGN MIX. 67
EXAMPLE 2

WITH
FLY ASH

68
6. PROPORTION OF FLY ASH

• To proportion a mix containing fly ash the following steps are

suggested:
• Decide the percentage fly ash to be used based on project
requirement and quality of fly ash.
• In certain situations, increase in cementitious material content
may be warranted. The decision on increase in cementitious
material content and its percentage may be based on experience
and trials.
• NOTE — This illustrative example is with increase of 10 percent
cementitious material content.

69
Water content = 148 kg/m3
Cementitious material content
= 412 x 1.1 = 453.2 kg/m3 = 453 kg/m3
So water cementitious material ratio = 148/453 = 0.327
Fly Ash @ 30 % of cementitious material
= 453 x 0.3 = 135.9 kg/m3 = 136 kg/m3
Cement content = 453-136 = 317 kg/m3
(By admixture use, saving of cement 412-317= 95kg i.e. 23%)
From Table 5 of IS 456, minimum cementitious content for 'severe'
exposure condition = 320 kg/m3

453 kg/m3 > 320 kg/m3, hence, O.K.

From Table 4(c) of CBC, minimum cement content for 'severe'
exposure condition = 350 kg/m3<453kg/m3, hence, O.K.

70
THANKS
71
72
Ref. - IS-383

73