Statistical Process Control
Total Quality Management
The TQM philosophy stresses a systematic,
integrated continuous improvement of systems to
produce products and services, which results in
customer loyalty now and in the future.
Total : everyone associated with the company is
involved in continuous improvement
Quality : customer’s expressed and implied
requirements are met fully
Management : executives are fully committed
Quality planning
Quality triology
Quality control Quality improvement
Quality planning
Determine the customer’s need.
Develop product features which respond to
customers needs.
Develop the processes which are able to
produce those product features
Transfer the resulting plans to the operating
forces
Quality Control
Evaluating actual operating performance
Comparing actual performance to goals
Act on the difference
Quality improvement
Develop a process, which is able to produce
the product
Transfer the process to operations
Statistical Quality Control
Itis a technique through which we measure
actual performance, compare it with
standard, and act on the difference.
The establishment or improvement of
inspection standards, with the preparation of
definite instruction for each inspection
procedures.
Statistical Quality Control
The periodic evaluation of departmental
performance in quality terms
The evaluation of different suppliers quality
performance in terms of average
The establishment of effective process
inspection where none has previously
existed.
Statistical quality control involves
Sampling plans
Diagnostic tools
Statistical process control and other
statistical techniques.
Statistical Sampling or Acceptable
Sampling
The use of sampling inspection by a purchaser to
decide whether or not to accept the shipment of
product is known as acceptance sampling
Acceptance sampling is a major component of
quality control in this inspection is performed on a
shipment or lot of incoming materials.
Samples are taken from the shipment and certain
quality characteristics of the units are inspected.
After the inspection, a decision is made concerning
the shipment. Usually the decision is either to accept
or reject the lot.
Statistical Process Control
Isa method of monitoring, controlling and
ideally improving a process through
statistical analysis. It is the application of
statistical technique for measuring and
analyzing the variation in processes.
SPC fours basic steps include
Measuring the process
Eliminating variances in the process to make
it consistent
Monitoring the process
And improving the process to its best target
value
History and evolution of SPC
Developed by Dr.Walter A Shewart of bell
technology in the second half of 1920s.
His book “economic control of quality
manufactured product” analyzed many
different process.
He developed a method called a control
chart, of monitoring each process.
Tools of data collection and analysis:
Check sheet
Histogram
Control chart
Pareto chart
Cause and effect diagram
Flow chart
Scatter diagram
Two major causes of variation
Common causes (random variations) : result from
natural factors in the process and occur at random.
Special causes (assignable variation) : are unusual,
sporadic events that causes unwanted variation but
are not inherent in the process itself.
SPC is an approach for understanding variation in
production systems and for using the knowledge
gained to eliminate special causes and reduces
common causes of variation.
Data type
ATTRIBUTE: is a quality characteristics that
is either present or absent. It assumes sum
of 2 values conforming or not conforming,
within tolerance or out of tolerance complete
or incomplete, satisfied or not satisfied.
VARIABLES: are appraised in terms of
measurable values on continuous scale.
Example: length, weight or time.
Four major types of attribute control
charts
The c-chart for the no. of defects
The u-chart for the no. of defects per unit
The p-chart for the proportion of defectives
The np-chart for the no. of defectives
The c chart
Used to monitor defects per unit when the sampling
unit is constant
25 to 30 samples initially n compute the no. of
defects per unit
Calculate the average no. of defects per unit c – bar
Calculate the standard deviation as square root of c-
bar
Control limits which is UCL and LCL
The u chart
For the purpose of using a u chart, each
sample may have a different size.
The average no. of defects per unit is
calculated
The p chart
Itmeasures the proportion of defective
Each part or product being inspected is
recorded as either acceptable or not
acceptable.
The results of these inspections are grouped
as one sample, and the defectives are
expressed as a decimal fraction of the
sample size.
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process-control
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