Computer

Networks
“A computer is like a violin.
You can imagine it making
beautiful music, but you
have to learn how to play it”
TABLE OF CONTENT
 Computer networks
 Computer networks communication
 Types of networks
 Comparison of LAN and WAN
 Internet
 Network topologies
 Types of network topologies
 Network devices
 Network protocols
 Internetworking terms
 Computer networks

A computer network is a system of interconnected

computers and peripheral devices. Connections among
humans make human network and connections among
computers make computer networks. It is a collection of
interconnected computing devices so as to exchange
information or share resources.

Computer networks are very useful in many ways. They

facilitate resources , enhanced communication, cost
reduction and so forth.
Computer networks
communication
We transmit information or data by using
two types of signals, namely analog and
digital.
Computers communicate with digital
signals.
The older forms of communications
technology , such as telephones and
radios, use analog signals.
 Types of networks
Local area network Wide area network Personal area
(LAN) (WAN) network (PAN)
Small computer networks that are The networks spread across A personal area network (PAN) is
confined to a localised area – upto countries or on a very big the interconnection of information
1km – (e.g., an office, a building or geographical area (multiple cities, technology devices within the
a factory) are known as Local Area countries, continents, etc,) are range of an individual person,
Networks (LAN). known as Wide Area Network typically within a range of 10m(s)
(WANs).
Data transfer rates are high in
LANs (10Mbps to 1Gbps) The largest WAN is in existence is
the Internet.
LANs often connect hosts through
wires It is a largest networks of all
networks types.
 Comparison between of LAN and
WAN
LAN WAN
 It is spread over a small areas.  It is spread over a very large area.
 It usually costs less to set it up.  It costs higher to set it up
 It is usually a single network.  It is usually a network of many
networks.
 LANs facilitate information sharing ,
enhanced communication and  WAN facilitate information sharing
resource sharing. and enhanced communication
primarily.
 Internet
The Internet is a worldwide network that links computers. People may
exchange information and converse through the Internet from any
location with an Internet connection. The Internet is a vast network that
connects billions of computers and other electronic devices all around
the world. You can get nearly any information, interact with anyone in
the globe, and do a lot more using the Internet
 Network topologies

The pattern of interconnection of nodes

in a network is called the Topology.
There are number of factors to
consider in making this choice, the
most important of which are set out
below :
 Cost
 Flexibility
 Reliability
Many topologies have been
developed , but major one are:
 Star
 Bus
 Tree
 Types of network topologies

Star topology Bus topology Tree topology

A star topology consists of a A bus topology consists of a single In a tree topology, there is one central
central host which acts as the central cable to which all node and each node is connected to
centre , and all nodes connect to computers and other devices the central node through a single
the host. connect. path. Nodes can be thought of as
branches coming off of the trunk.
 Network devices
Network devices, also known as networking hardware, are physical
devices that allow hardware on a computer network to communicate
and interact with one another. For example Repeater, Hub, Bridge,
Switch, Routers, Gateway, Brouter, and NIC, etc.
 Types

Repeater Hub Switch

A repeater operates at the A hub is a basically multi-port A switch is a multiport bridge
physical layer. Its job is to repeater. A hub connects with a buffer and a design
regenerate the signal over the multiple wires coming from that can boost its efficiency(a
same network before the signal different branches, for large number of ports imply
becomes too weak or corrupted example, the connector in star less traffic) and performance.
to extend the length to which topology which connects A switch is a data link layer
the signal can be transmitted different stations. Hubs device.
over the same network. When cannot filter data, so data
the signal becomes weak, they packets are sent to all
copy it bit by bit and connected devices.
regenerate it at its star
topology connectors connecting
following the original strength.
 Router Gateway Bridge
A router is a device like a A gateway, as the name A bridge operates at the data
switch that routes data suggests, is a passage to link layer. A bridge is a
packets based on their IP connect two networks that repeater, with add on the
addresses. The router is may work upon different functionality of filtering
mainly a Network Layer networking models. They work content by reading the MAC
device. Routers normally as messenger agents that addresses of the source and
connect LANs and WANs and take data from one system, destination. It is also used for
have a dynamically updating interpret it, and transfer it to interconnecting two LANs
routing table based on which another system. Gateways are working on the same protocol.
they make decisions on also called protocol It has a single input and single
routing the data packets. converters. output port.
 Network protocols
Network protocols are a set of rules outlining how connected devices
communicate across a network to exchange information easily and
safely. Protocols serve as a common language for devices to enable
communication irrespective of differences in software, hardware, or
internal processes.
 TYPES OF PROTOCOLS
Network Network
Communication Network security management
Protocols protocols protocols
These protocols determine the These protocols ensure safe Network managers require
rules and formats to transfer data transmission over the standard policies and
data across networks. network connections. Network procedures to manage and
Communication protocols security protocols define the monitor the network for
govern various aspects of procedures to secure data maintaining smooth
analog and digital from any unauthorized communication. Network
communications, such as access. These protocols management protocols ensure
syntax, authentication, leverage encryption and quick troubleshooting and
semantics, and error detection, cryptography to safeguard. optimal performance across
among others. the network.
Example: HTTPS, SSL, SFTP
Example: HTTP, IP, FTP Example: SNMP, ICMP
 Internetworking terms
Internetworking refers to the trade, products, and procedures that meet the
challenge of making and administering internet works.

To enable communication, every individual network node or phase is

designed with a similar protocol or communication logic, that is Transfer
Control Protocol (TCP) or Internet Protocol (IP). Once a network
communicates with another network having constant communication
procedures, it’s called Internetworking. Internetworking was designed to
resolve the matter of delivering a packet of information through many links.
There is chiefly 3 units of Internetworking:
 Extranet
 Intranet
 internet
 Internetwork Addressing
Internetwork addresses establish devices severally or as members
of a bunch. Addressing schemes differ based on the protocol family
and therefore the OSI layer. Three kinds of internetwork addresses
area units are ordinarily used: data-link layer addresses, Media
Access control (MAC) addresses, and network-layer addresses.
 Data link layer addresses
 MAC addresses
 Network-layer addresses
 ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
 Increased connectivity  Security risk
 Resource sharing  Complexity
 Improved scalability  Performance issues
 Improved collaboration  Management overhead
 CONCLUSION
Computer networks basically used in sharing the information or
data.
It also used to inter , intra and extra connect with each other
whatever the location is such as building, city, nation, country.
Computer network works on basis of topologies and technical
communication barriers which flows the effective information for
best visible growth.
It also includes new developments according today’s era.
 REFERENCE
Some references through the various websites.
A book of computer science with python by Sumita Arora.
And some Wikipedia.
THANK YOU