What Is a Control

Structure?
A control structure allows you to control the flow of code execution
in your application.

Generally, a program is executed sequentially, line by line, and a

control structure allows you to alter that flow, usually depending on
certain conditions.

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Flowchart - how a control structure
works

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Flowchart Explained

• As you can see in the above diagram, first a condition is

checked. If the condition is true, the conditional code
will be executed.

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 Example of Control Structures

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PHP if...else...elseif Statements

• Conditional statements are used to perform different actions

based on different conditions.

• Control statements are conditional statements that execute a block

of statements if the condition is correct. The statement inside the
conditional block will not execute until the condition is satisfied.

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 PHP Conditional Statements
In PHP we have the following conditional statements:

• if statement - executes some code if one condition is true

• if...else statement - executes some code if a condition is true and another
code if that condition is false
• if...elseif...else statement - executes different codes for more than two
conditions
• switch statement - selects one of many blocks of code to be executed

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PHP - The if Statement

• The if statement executes some code if one condition is true.

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PHP - The if Statement

• if (condition) {

code to be executed if condition is true;

• The if statement executes some code if one condition is true.

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If statement
<?php
$t = 48;

if ($t %2==0) {
echo "The no. is even";
}
?>

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Execution flow of the if
statement

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PHP - The if...else Statement

The if...else statement executes some code if a condition is true and

another code if that condition is false.

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Syntax

if (condition) {
code to be executed if condition is true;
} else {
code to be executed if condition is false;
}

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Execution flow of the if-else statement

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Example
<?php
$t = 49;
if ($t %2==0) {
echo "The no. is even";
}
else
{
echo "The no. is odd";
}
?>
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PHP - The if...elseif...else Statement

• The if...elseif...else statement executes different codes for more than

two conditions.

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Syntax

if (condition) {
code to be executed if this condition is true;
} elseif (condition) {
code to be executed if first condition is false and this condition is true;
} else {
code to be executed if all conditions are false;
}

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<?php
$a = 49;
$b = 48;
$c = 70;
if ($a>$b && $a>$c){
echo "a is greatest";
}
else if ($b>$a && $b>$c)
{
echo"b is greatest";
}
else{
echo"c is greatest";
}

?>
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Execution flow of the nested-if-
else statement

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PHP switch Statement

• The switch statement is used to perform different actions based on

different conditions.
• Use the switch statement to select one of many blocks of code to be
executed.

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 The PHP switch Statement
switch (n) {
case label1:
code to be executed if n=label1;
break;
case label2:
code to be executed if n=label2;
break;
case label3:
code to be executed if n=label3;
break;
...
default:
code to be executed if n is different from all labels;
}
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How Switch Works
• This is how it works: First we have a single expression n
(most often a variable), that is evaluated once.
• The value of the expression is then compared with the values for
each case in the structure.
• If there is a match, the block of code associated with that case is
executed.
• Use break to prevent the code from running into the next case
automatically.
• The default statement is used if no match is found.

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<?php
$favcolor = "red";
switch ($favcolor) {
case "red":
echo "Your favorite color is red!";
break;
case "blue":
echo "Your favorite color is blue!";
break;
case "green":
echo "Your favorite color is green!";
break;
default:
echo "Your favorite color is neither red, blue, nor green!";
}
?>
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Execution flow of the switch
statement

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PHP Loops
• Often when you write code, you want the same block of code to run
over and over again a certain number of times.
• So, instead of adding several almost equal code-lines in a script, we
can use loops.

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Loops
• Loops are used to execute the same block of code again and again, as
long as a certain condition is true.

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In PHP, we have the following loop
types:

• while - loops through a block of code as long as the specified

condition is true
• do...while - loops through a block of code once, and then repeats the
loop as long as the specified condition is true
• for - loops through a block of code a specified number of times
• foreach - loops through a block of code for each element in an array

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PHP while Loop

• The while loop - Loops through a block of code as long as the

specified condition is true.
• The while loop executes a block of code as long as the specified
condition is true.

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Syntax

while (condition is true) {

code to be executed;
}

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The example below displays the numbers from 1 to 5:

<?php
$x = 1;

while($x <= 5) {
echo "The number is: $x <br>";
$x++;
}
?>

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PHP do while Loop

The do...while loop - Loops through a block of code once, and then
repeats the loop as long as the specified condition is true.

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The PHP do...while Loop

• The do...while loop will always execute the block of code once, it will
then check the condition, and repeat the loop while the specified
condition is true.

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Syntax

do {
code to be executed;
}
while (condition is true);

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Example
<?php
$x = 1;

do {
echo "The number is: $x <br>";
$x++;
} while ($x <= 5);
?>

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Do While Loop
• In a do...while loop the condition is tested AFTER executing the
statements within the loop.
• This means that the do...while loop will execute its statements at least
once, even if the condition is false.

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PHP for Loop

• The for loop - Loops through a block of code a specified number of

times.
• The for loop is used when you know in advance how many times the
script should run.

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Syntax
Syntax
for (initialize counter; test counter; increment/decrement counter) {
code to be executed for each iteration;
}

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 Parameters:

• init counter: Initialize the loop counter value

• test counter: Evaluated for each loop iteration. If it evaluates to TRUE, the
loop continues. If it evaluates to FALSE, the loop ends.
• increment counter: Increases the loop counter value

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Example of for loop
<?php
for ($x = 0; $x <= 10; $x++) {
echo "The number is: $x <br>";
}
?>

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Example Explained

• $x = 0; - Initialize the loop counter ($x), and set the

start value to 0
• $x <= 10; - Continue the loop as long as $x is less than
or equal to 10
• $x++ - Increase the loop counter value by 1 for each
iteration

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PHP foreach Loop

• The foreach loop - Loops through a block of code for each element in
an array.
• The foreach loop works only on arrays, and is used to loop through
each key/value pair in an array.

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 Syntax

foreach ($array as $value) {

code to be executed;
}

For every loop iteration, the value of the current

array element is assigned to $value and the array
pointer is moved by one, until it reaches the last
array element.
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<?php
$colors = array("red", "green", "blue", "yellow");

foreach ($colors as $value) {

echo "$value <br>";
}
?>

</body>
</html>
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 PHP Break and Continue

PHP Break
• It was used to "jump out" of a switch statement.

• The break statement can also be used to jump out of a loop.

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Example
<?php
for ($x = 0; $x < 10; $x++) {
if ($x == 4) {
break;
}
echo "The number is: $x <br>";
}
?>

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PHP Continue

• The continue statement breaks one iteration (in the loop), if a

specified condition occurs, and continues with the next iteration in
the loop.

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Example
<?php
for ($x = 0; $x < 10; $x++) {
if ($x == 4) {
continue;
}
echo "The number is: $x <br>";
}
?>

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<?php
$x = 0;

while($x < 10) {

if ($x == 4) {
break;
}
echo "The number is: $x <br>";
$x++;
}
?>

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<?php
$x = 0;

while($x < 10) {

if ($x == 4) {
$x++;
continue;
}
echo "The number is: $x <br>";
$x++;
}
?>

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