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Gender and
Power
1. U n d e r s t a n d i n g g e n d e r
2. S o c i a l c o n s t r u c t i o n o f p a t r i a r c h y
3. F e m i n i s m i n h i s t o r i c a l c o n t e x t , g e n d e r d e b a t e s .

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Presented by
Samreen Qasim
Alishba Asif
Samreen Akhter
Mudasir
M Owais Raza

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Gender
“Gender refers to the social, cultural, and
behavioral characteristics that a society attributes
to individuals based on their perceived sex. Authors
like Judith Butler describe gender as a performance
or role that individuals enact, rather than something
fixed or inherent.”
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Understanding Gendertitle style
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Sex and Gender Gender identity and Gender

Expression

• Sex is biological, referring to physical • Gender Identity is how an individual

differences like chromosomes, hormones, and personally experiences and identifies their
reproductive organs (male or female).
gender (e.g., as male, female, or non-binary).

• Gender Expression refers to how an

• Gender is a social construct, referring to roles, individual outwardly expresses their gender
behaviors, and identities that society through clothing, behavior, and appearance.
associates with being male or female, such as
being masculine or feminine.

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Biological sex
“Biological sex is assigned at birth based on
physical traits such as genitalia and
chromosomes. It’s typically categorized as
male or female, though intersex individuals may
have variations that don’t fit these categories. ”

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Gender

o Male and Female

These are the traditional binary genders, typically associated with biological sex.
o Transgender
Individuals whose gender identity differs from the sex they were assigned at birth. This can include
trans men (assigned female at birth but identify as male) and trans women (assigned male at birth but
identify as female) or affected by harmonal disturbance which made them sexually disable.
o Non-Binary
People who do not identify exclusively as male or female. This can include a variety of identities
such as genderqueer, genderfluid, and agender.
o Bigender
Individuals who identify as two genders, either simultaneously or switching between them such as
pangender or two-spirit.

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SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF
PATRIARCHY
Patriarchy
“Patriarchy is a social system where men hold
p r i m a r y p o w e r i n r o l e s o f l e a d e r s h i p , a u t h o r i t y,
and control, while women are often subordinated .”

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Factors in development of Patriarchy
Historical factors such as the rise of agricultural societies,
religious doctrines, and economic systems that favored male-
dominated power structures contributed to the development of
patriarchy.

Historical Context
Patriarchy has deep roots in history, dating back to early
civilizations where men controlled property, inheritance, and
political power. This system was reinforced through laws,
traditions, and cultural practices.

Impact on Society
Patriarchy limits the opportunities and rights of women,
reinforcing gender inequality in areas such as education,
employment, and political participation. It can also lead to
gender-based violence and discrimination. 8 8
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Feminism
“Feminism is a movement and ideology
advocating for the equality of women in all
aspects of life, including political, economic,
and social spheres. It challenges the structures
t h a t p e r p e t u a t e g e n d e r i n e q u a l i t y. ”

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Feminism in Master title
historical style
context
 First wave (19th and 20th century) Second wave (1960s to 1980s)
• Focus: Broader issues of equality and
• Focus: Legal issues, primarily women's discrimination, including workplace rights,
suffrage (the right to vote). reproductive rights, and legal inequalities.
• Key Events: The Seneca Falls Convention • Key Figures: Betty Friedan, whose book "The
in 1848, where activists like Elizabeth Cady
Feminine Mystique" sparked widespread
Stanton and Lucretia Mott advocated for
activism, and Gloria Steinem, a prominent
women's rights.
feminist leader.
• Achievements: The 19th Amendment to • Achievements: The establishment of
the U.S. Constitution in 1920, granting
organizations like the National Organization for
women the right to vote.
Women (NOW), and significant legal victories
such as the Roe v. Wade decision in 1973,
which protected a woman's right to choose an
abortion.
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Feminism in Master title
historical style
context
 Third wave(1990s to 2010s) Fourth wave(2010s to Present)
• Focus: Embracing individualism and • Focus: Combating sexual harassment, body
diversity, challenging the definitions of shaming, and online misogyny, often through
femininity, and addressing issues of digital activism and social media.
intersectionality (how race, class, gender,
and other identities intersect). • Key Movements: The #MeToo movement,
which has brought widespread attention to
• Key Figures: Rebecca Walker, who is issues of sexual harassment and assault.
credited with coining the term "third-wave
feminism," and Kimberlé Crenshaw, who • Achievements: Increased awareness and
introduced the concept of intersectionality. legislative changes addressing sexual
harassment and assault, as well as a broader
• Achievements: Greater inclusion of women cultural shift towards recognizing and
of color, LGBTQ+ individuals, and other challenging systemic sexism.
marginalized groups in the feminist
movement.
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Feminism

• Liberal/Mainstream Feminism: Focuses on gender equality through political and legal reform within the
current system. It work for equal opportunities and rights for women in all areas such as right for vote.

• Radical Feminism: Seeks to dismantle patriarchy by addressing the root causes of women's oppression.
They believe that society must be restructured to eliminate male supremacy in all social and economic
contexts.

• Socialist/Marxist Feminism: Combines the fight against patriarchy with the fight against capitalism. It
argues that liberation can only be achieved by working to end both economic and gender-based
oppression.

• Cultural Feminism: Emphasizes the value of women's experiences and contributions, advocating for a
society that appreciates and incorporates feminine qualities and values such as women studies programs
in universities and exhibition of art made by womans.

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feminism

• Intersectional Feminism: Recognizes that women's experiences of oppression are shaped by multiple
factors, including race, class, sexual orientation, and other social identities. It aims to address the
overlapping systems of discrimination and disadvantage.

• Ecofeminism: Links feminism with environmentalism, arguing that the exploitation of women and the
degradation of the environment are interconnected issues that must be addressed together.

• Third-Wave Feminism: Emerged in the 1990s as a response to perceived shortcomings of the second
wave. It focuses on individuality and diversity, challenging the definitions of femininity and advocating for a
more inclusive approach to feminist issues.

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Gender Debates
“Gender debates often revolve around issues
l i k e t h e d e f i n i t i o n o f g e n d e r, t h e r o l e o f m e n
a n d w o m e n i n s o c i e t y, a n d h o w t o a c h i e v e
g e n d e r e q u a l i t y. K e y d e b a t e s i n c l u d e t r a n s
rights, gender quotas, and the pay gap.”

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• Gender and development

Gender and development focus on how gender influences economic and social development. It emphasizes
the need for policies that address gender inequalities in areas like education, health, and employment.

• Gender Issues and Challenges in Pakistan

In Pakistan, gender issues include limited access to education for girls, gender-based violence, child
marriage, and unequal economic opportunities. Cultural and religious norms also contribute to gender
inequality.

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power

 Political Power

Political power refers to the ability to influence laws, policies, and decisions that govern society. Women often
face barriers to political participation, such as discrimination, lack of support, and traditional gender roles.

 Economic Power

Economic power is the control over financial resources and economic decision-making. Women, particularly
in developing countries, face challenges in accessing equal pay, credit, and opportunities in the workforce.

 Social Power

Social power refers to the ability to influence societal norms and behaviors. Men traditionally hold more social
power, but efforts to change stereotypes and promote gender equality are gradually shifting this dynamic.

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power

Abuse of power occurs when individuals or groups use their influence or control in harmful ways. This can
include exploitation, discrimination, and gender-based violence, particularly against women.It includes

 Domestic Violence

Abuse that occurs within intimate relationships, often involving physical, sexual, or emotional control.
 Honor Killing:

Violence against women justified by cultural norms, often rooted in the belief that women must uphold family
honor.
 Sexual assault

Any non-consensual sexual act, including rape, sexual harassment, and exploitation.

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Gender equality in future

 Education and Awareness

Promoting gender equality through education at all levels.

 Policy Changes

Governments should enact policies that ensure equal rights and opportunities for all genders.

 Promote Women's Leadership

Encourage women to take on leadership roles in politics, business, and society.

 Address Gender-Based Violence

Strengthening laws and support systems for victims of gender-based violence.

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• Understanding gender and power dynamics is

crucial for fostering equality.

• Feminist movements play a vital role in challenging

patriarchal structures.

• Continued engagement and activism are necessary

for achieving lasting change.

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