COMPOUND SENTENCES,

MAIN AND SUBORDINATE

CLAUSES
Presented by: Group#07
To: Ma’am Mudassar Jahan
 Zarmeen
23011502-125

Compound sentence
A compound sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses (complete
thoughts) connected by a conjunction (such as “and,” “but,” “or,” “nor,” “for,” “so,” or
“yet”) or a semicolon.
Examples
1.I wanted to go to the beach, but it started raining.
(Two independent clauses: “I wanted to go to the beach” and “it started raining,” joined by “but.”)
2.She studied hard for the test, and she passed with flying colors.
(Two independent clauses: “She studied hard for the test” and “she passed with flying colors,” joined by “and.”)
3.You can have coffee, or you can have tea.
(Two independent clauses: “You can have coffee” and “you can have tea,” joined by “or.”)
4.I tried to call you yesterday, yet you didn’t answer.
(Two independent clauses: “I tried to call you yesterday” and “you didn’t answer,” joined by “yet.”)”
Types of compound sentences
Here are 5 types of compound sentences, along with examples:
1. Compound Declarative Sentence: Two statements joined by a conjunction.
Example:
I like reading, and I also enjoy writing.
2. Compound Interrogative Sentence: Two questions joined by a conjunction.
Example:
Do you want coffee or tea?
3. Compound Exclamatory Sentence: Two exclamations joined by a conjunction.
Example:
I love reading, and what a wonderful book this is!
4. Compound Comparative Sentence: Two clauses comparing ideas using “than” or “as.”
Example:
She runs faster than he does, but he jumps higher.
5. Compound Contrastive Sentence: Two clauses contrasting ideas using “but,” “yet,” or
“however.
Example:

I wanted to go to the beach, but it was raining.

Additional types:

6. Compound Alternative Sentence

Two clauses presenting alternatives using “or” or “either.”

Example:

Do you want to go by bus or train?

7. Compound Adversative Sentence

Two clauses contrasting ideas using “however,” “nevertheless,” or “on the other
hand.”

Example:

I’m tired, however I need to finish this project.

Conjunctions used:

- Coordinating conjunctions (and, but, or, so)

- Subordinating conjunctions (because, since, although)

Momina Qandeel
23011502-124

Main clause
A main clause is the part of a sentence that can stand alone as a complete thought because
it contains both a subject and a predicate (verb) and expresses a complete idea. In simpler
terms, a main clause is an independent clause.
Key Features of a Main Clause:
1. Subject: The person, thing, or idea performing the action or being described.
2. Predicate: The part of the sentence that contains the verb and tells something about the
subject.
3. Complete Thought: It makes sense on its own without needing additional information.
Examples:
1.She went to the market.
Subject: “She”
Predicate: “went to the market”
2.The dog barked loudly.
Subject: “The dog”
Predicate: “barked loudly”
3.Eren is innocent.
Subject: “Eren”
Predicate: “is innocent”
4.She loves to read novels.
Subject:" She”
Predicate: “loves to read novels”
5.He will arrive at 5 PM.
Subject:" He”
Predicate:“ will arrive at 5 PM”

Contrast with Dependent Clause:

Dependent (subordinate) clauses cannot stand alone as a sentence. They depend on a main
clause to make sense.
Main clause: I stayed home.
Dependent clause: because it was raining.
Combined: I stayed home because it was raining.
Types of main clauses
There are different types of main clauses, depending on their purpose and structure. A main clause is
an independent clause that can stand alone as a complete sentence. Here are the main types:

1. Declarative Clause
Used to make a statement.
Example: The sun is shining.
2. Interrogative Clause
Used to ask a question.
Example: Where are you going?
3. Imperative Clause
Used to give a command, request, or instruction.
Example: Close the door.
4. Exclamatory Clause
Used to express strong emotion or surprise.
Example: What a beautiful day!
Almayda Ghazanfar
23011502-100

Subordinating clause
Subordinating clauses are parts of a sentence that can’t stand alone as complete sentences. They provide
additional information but need a main clause to make sense. Think of them as “extra details” that add context
to the main idea.
For example, in the sentence “I will go to the park if it stops raining,” the part “if it stops raining” is the
subordinating clause. It gives us more information about the condition under which I will go to the park, but by
itself, it doesn’t form a complete thought.
These clauses are called “subordinating” because they:
1. Depend on a main clause to make sense
2. Provide additional information to the main clause
Here are some key points about subordinating clauses:
1. Dependent: They depend on a main clause to give them meaning.
2. Start with a subordinating conjunction: Common ones include “if,” “because,” “although,” “since,” and
“when.”
3. Add context: They can explain reasons, conditions, time, and more..
Types of Subordinating Clauses:
1. Adverbial Clauses: Describe time, place, manner, or condition.
Example: I went to the store because I needed milk. (because I needed milk)
2. Adjectival Clauses: Describe a noun or pronoun.
Example: The book, which is on the table, is mine. (which is on the table)
3. Noun Clauses: Function as a noun in the sentence.
Example: What she said was true. (what she said)
Tips:
1. Use subordinating clauses to add depth and complexity to sentences.
2. Ensure the subordinating clause is connected logically to the main clause.
Areeba
23011502-119

Complex sentence
A complex sentence is a sentence that contains one independent clause and at least one dependent
(subordinate) clause. The independent clause can stand alone as a complete sentence, while the
dependent clause cannot stand alone and depends on the independent clause to make sense.
For example:
Independent clause: “I went to the store.”
Dependent clause: “because I needed milk.”
Combined into a complex sentence:
“I went to the store because I needed milk.”
In this example, “I went to the store” is the independent clause, and “because I needed milk”
is the dependent clause, connected by the subordinating conjunction “because.”
Key features of complex sentences:
1.Independent clause: Can stand alone as a sentence.
2.Dependent clause: Cannot stand alone and usually begins with a subordinating
conjunction (e.g., because, although, if, when, because, etc.).
Types of complex sentences :

Adjective Clauses: Modify nouns (e.g., “The book that I read is interesting.”)
Adverbial Clauses: Modify verbs, adjectives, or adverbs (e.g., “I stayed home
because it was raining.”)
Noun Clauses: Function as a noun (e.g., “What you said was surprising.”)
Conditional Clauses: Express conditions (e.g., “I will go if it stops raining.”)
Comparative Clauses: Make comparisons (e.g., “She is taller than I am.”)
Purpose Clauses: Show purpose (e.g., “He studied so that he could pass the exam.”)
Time Clauses: Indicate time (e.g., “I will call you when I arrive.”)
Each type uses different subordinating conjunctions and adds different kinds of
information to the sentence.
Mehwish zaka
23011502-089

Conjunction

Conjunctions are the words that cojoin words, pharases or clauses together in a
sentence Example

• Aslam and Ali are friends.

• I want to eat pizza or biryani.

Subordinating conjunctions

A subordinating conjunction is a word or phrase that introduces a dependent clause

and join it to a main clause or independent clause
Example

• You may be disappointed if you fail.

• If you don't cry,you are doomed..

• When the door bell rang, my dog baked loudly .

• When he was sick, I want to see him .

• Sinc you say , I will believe it.

Types of subordinating conjunction

There are six main classes of conjunctions on the basis of their functions.

◦ Time

• Concession

• Comparison

• Cause

• Condition

• Place
Time

Time related conjunctions establish a period when the main clause will be or was performed .

These include after, as soon as, as long as ,before ,once ,still etc

Example

• The man had been died before the doctor arrived.

Concession and contrast

Concession conjunction highlights the action that took place in spite of an obstacle and hindrance.

These include as, although, whoever ,though ,even ,if etc

Example

• Although h is poor, he is honest.

Comparison

Comparison conjunction help to establish correlation by providing context for comparison.

These includes than ,as......as ,in contrast to etc

Example:

• She is taller than her brother.

Cause

Cause conjunction tell the reason why the activities of a main clause were they include as , because,since etc.

Example

• I love him because it is good.

Condition conjunction

Condition conjunction introduce rules under which a main clause perform.they include if,unless ,as long as etc.

Example

• You can go out if you finish your homework.

Subordinating conjunctions are essential for creating complex sentences and showing relationships between
ideas.
THANK YOU !