CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
 SYPNOPSIS
Engineering surveying 1 provides basic
Knowledge In Engineering Surveying. The
Course Emphasizes On Bearing and Distance
measurement, Leveling, Area And Volume
Works. It Also Provide Early Exposure To
Students In Practical Work On Field
 LEARNING OUTCOMES (LO)
UNDERSTAND THE DEFINITION OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF
SURVEY.

1.1 Determine the definition of different types of

survey engineering
1.1.1 Explain engineering surveying
1.1.2 Identify the types of surveys engineering
•
INTRODUCTION
The technique,
OF
SURVEYING
profession, and science
of determining the
terrestrial or three- • is called a land
dimensional position of surveyor.
points and the
distances and angles A land
Surveying
between them surveying
professional
• Surveying is the art
of measuring
distances, angles
and positions on or
near the surface of
the earth
Surveying
 INTRODUCTION OF
SURVEYING Cont.…
•Because only a surveyor who possesses through
understanding of surveying techniques will be able to
determine the most efficient methods required to obtain
optimal results over a wide variety of surveying problems.

Why it is an art?

•Because the use of mathematical techniques to analyze

field data, accuracy and reliability depends on
understanding scientific principles underlying and
affecting survey measurement.

Why it is scientific
Why need for
survey???
 PURPOSES
1. To Provide Sufficient Data For The Design Of Engineering
Projects Such As Highways, Railways, Water Supply, Sewage
Disposal (pelupusan kumbahan), Reservoirs (takungan) And
Bridges.
2. To Determine The Dimensions And Contours Of Any Part Of
The Earth’s Surface.
3. To Prepare Plan Or Map.
4. To Establish Boundaries Of The Land.
5. To Measure Area And Volume.
6. To Select Suitable Site For An Engineering Project.
 PURPOSES
• The Oldest Art Practiced By Men.
• The Accuracy Can Be Obtained By Making Measurements
With The Surveying Measurement.

• Surveying Importance To A Civil Engineer.

• Surveying Done During Planning And Construction.
• Surveying Is Starting Point For Any Projects Or Scheme
Under Consideration.

• Detailed Of Proposed Work Are Plotted From The Field

Notes.

• The Reliability Of The Estimation Of Quantities And The

Effectiveness Of The Design Depends Upon The Precision
And Thoroughness Exercised During The Survey.
 EXPLAIN ENGINEERING
SURVEYING
• What is Engineering Survey?
A survey undertaken for design work in civil
engineering project such as roads, dam
(empangan), pipelines, railways and etc

• Purposes of Engineering Survey

1.Data acquisition for spatial data of
the earth surface
2.“Setting out” – for structure
building of civil engineering based
on the parameters set
3.Produce the final plan for
engineering work purposes
XPLAIN ENGINEERING SURVEYING
CONT..
• The important of this
surveying are:
a. Produce new plan of the
construction
b. Produce control point for
the construction project
c. To calculate the areas
and volumes of land data
d. Setting out the building
same as the plan
Source: Google
 TYPES OF SURVEYING
1) Plane surveying

• In plane surveying relatively small areas are under

consideration and it is taken that the earth’s is flat-it gives a
horizontal plane.
• Calculations for a plane surface are relatively simple, since the
surveyor is able to use plane geometry and plane
trigonometry.
• It not suitable for large areas-less than 250km².
• Mostly to be considered in all survey works.
• Plane survey are used for the layout of highways, railways,
canals, fixing boundary pillars, construction of bridge,
factories etc for majority engineering project, plane surveying
is the first step to execute them.
• Earth surface is considered as plane.
TYPES OF SURVEYING
2) Geodetic survey

• Where measurement cover such a large part of the earth’s

surface.
• Suitable for large areas-up to 250km².
• Frameworks of angular and distance measurements between
points are necessary to control all survey.
• Using the sophisticated instrument, accurate methods of
observations and their computations with accurate
adjustment.
• Geodetic surveys are usually carried out by the Department
of National Survey.
GEODETIC STATION AND
CONTROL
MARK
DIFFERENT BETWEEN PLANE
SURVEY AND GEODETIC
SURVEY
• Plane surveying:
To determine the boundaries, area, or elevations of (land or
structures on the earth's surface) by means of measuring
angles and distances, using the techniques of geometry and
trigonometry.

• Geodetic surveying:
Remote sensing, mapping and charting depending on plane
surveying of fixed reference points, like monuments,
longitude and latitude coordinates; magnetic effects, and
relative velocity of Earth points to each other.
CLASSIFICATI
ON OF • LEVELLING SURVEY.
SURVEY&
INSTRUMENT
• SETTING OUT SURVEY.
USED IN : • TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY.
• ALIGNMENT CURVE SURV
• MONITORING SURVEY
• INDUSTRIAL SURVEY
• UTILITY SURVEY
LEVELLING SURVEY

Reduced Level (RL)

A standard position Vertical distance of a

Levelling Datum or level that point above or below
The art of measurements are datum line. May be
determining the taken from. (+/-).
relative heights of .
different points on or
below the surface of
the earth.
 LEVELLING EQUIPMENTS
CONT.…….

Level

Levelling rod / staff Tripod

T OF LEVELLING EQUIPMENTS con
T OF LEVELLING EQUIPMENTS con
 SETTING OUT SURVEY
• The reverse of surveying process
• Involves the positions and levels of building lines and
road alignments shown on the construction plans to
be established on the ground by various techniques
and instruments.
Methods of Setting Out Survey
1.Setting out buildings by coordinates
2.Setting out with theodolite/total station and level
3.Checking verticality
4.Setting out and alignment in steel framed buildings
5.Alignment and verticality in form work
6.Control and calculation for route surveying
SETTING OUT SURVEY
CONT……
Setting out method

Setting out pole Setting out for surveying building

 SETTING OUT SURVEY
WORK
Pad, Strip or piles
foundations set out. Building outline

Roads or harbinger
set out
 SETTING OUT SURVEY
WORK CONT……
Services & manhole
locations Location of block
work or brick work
corners
kerja blok atau sudut kerja bata

Retaining Walls
NTRODUCTION OF TOPOGRAPHIC
SURVEY
Topographic surveys and
the maps produced by
Engineering Survey,
provide horizontal
location information
and elevations needed
for the design of
structures such as
buildings, dams, canals,
highways, bridges,
transmission lines, and
sewers.
TOPOGRAPHIC MAP
 ALIGNMENT CURVE
SURVEY
• Regular bends
provided in the lines
of communication like
Curve road, railways and
canal to bring about
gradual change of
direction
 NEED OF PROVIDING
CURVES
•To bring about gradual change in
direction of motion
•To alert the driver so that he may not
fall asleep
•To layout canal alignment.
•To control erosion of canal banks by
the thrust of flowing water in a canal
 MONITORING SURVEY
Monitoring surveys are conducted to monitor levels or the movements
of a particular structure. From this survey, a plan can be established to
rectify or amend the movements of the structure.

 A monitoring survey involves a

licensed surveyor coming to site to
survey and establish control points.
What does a Monitoring  Then the site will be resurveyed at a
Survey involve? predetermined time later.
 When conducting the survey for a
second time, reference to the control
points will provide the surveyor with
the correct information on the
severity of movement the structure
is experiencing.
 The data recorded will help us
provide advice on what actions
should take place to rectify or amend
the structure.
 MONITORING SURVEY
CONT…
A monitoring survey may be required if
you have a structure that is or may be
experiencing movement.
Typical features monitored are:
•Bridges
When is a monitoring •Buildings
•Dams
survey needed •Ground subsidence
•Pit Wall and Underground Monitoring
•Retaining Walls
•Road or Rail settlement
•Settlement/movement during
construction
 INDUSTRIAL SURVEY
• Survey related to industry such as dimensioning
control in factory, ship and aeroplane design,
monitoring structural defects etc
 UTILITY SURVEY
• Related to mapping underground features
• Such as pipes, cable, telecom lines, sewage lines and
tunnel.
Types Of Instruments That
Include In Engineering Survey
Are Shown Below
1.Electronic / Digital Theodolite
2.Total Station
3.EDM
4.Electronic Calculator
5.Digital Stereo Plotter
6.Aluminum Tripod
7.GPS/GNSS And Etc..
 LEARNING OUTCOMES (LO)
1.2 Describes the method of work in engineering
surveying field:
1.2.1 Explains the scope of work in engineering
surveying
1.2.2 Describes the development of technology in
engineering
surveying
 THE SCOPE OF WORK IN
ENGINEERING SURVEY
• The preparation of survey and
related mapping specifications;
• Execution of photogrammetric
and field surveys for the
collection of required data,
including topographic and
hydrographic data;
• Calculation, reduction and
plotting of survey data for use
in engineering design;
• Design and provision of
horizontal and vertical control
survey networks;
• Provision of line and grade and other
layout work for construction and
mining activities;
• Execution and certification of
quality control spatial
measurements during
construction;
• Monitoring of ground and
structural stability, including
alignment observations,
settlement levels, and related
reports and certifications
• Measurement of material and other
quantities for inventory, economic
assessment and cost accounting
purposes;
• Execution of as built surveys and
preparation of related maps and plans
and profiles upon completion of
construction; and
• Analysis of errors and tolerances
associated with the measurement,
field layout and mapping or other plots
of survey measurement required in
support of engineering projects.
SURVEY WORK IN SURVEY
ENGINEERING
• The following measurement point are based
on both of the method:
i. Third Point Measurement
ii. Offsets Method (Rectangular Co-ordinates)- Short
Measurements At Right Angles To A Measured Straight
Survey Line.
iii. Traverse Method - Bearing And Distance
Measurement From Any Part Control Point By Using
Prismatic Compass Or Theodolite.
iv. Triangulation Method – Bearing Measured For Every
Point.
 STAGE IN
OBSERVATION SURVEY
S AND
MEASUREMEN2 WORKS
T

Basic stages
of survey
1
Reconnaissance

operations.

Field
3
record
 MODERN TECHNOLOGY
SURVEYING
INSTRUMENTS
conventional instruments –manually
and take time to finish survey work.

– Vernier theodolite, optical theodolite

and prismatic compass
– Land chain, steel tape and synthetic
tape.
– Dumpy level and tilting level
– Mechanical calculator
– Stereoplotter
– Lead line sounder
MODERN SURVEYING
INSTRUMENTS
modern instruments
– electronic theodolite, Electronic
distance measurement and
total station.
– Digital level
– Electronic calculator,
computer hardware and
software.
– Digital stereoplotter
– Echo sounder
– Global positioning system
CONVENTIONAL
INSTRUMENT
MODERN INSTRUMENT
 1.CERTIFIED PLAN (CP)
2.PRE-COMP PLAN
3.KEY PLAN
4.LOCATION PLAN
5.TOPOGRAPHIC PLAN
1.2 UNDERSTAND THE SCOPE OF
ENGINEERING SURVEY - TYPES OF 6.DETAILING PLAN
PLAN THAT INCLUDE IN
ENGINEERING SURVEY : 7.LONG /CROSS
SECTION PLAN
8.ROUTE PLAN
9.ETC.
E.G.: TOPOGRAPHY BATHYMETRY PLAN /
PLAN / MAP MAP
BATHYMETRY PLAN /
MAP CERTIFIED PLAN
CERTIFICATE PLAN LOCATION PLAN
CERTIFICATE PLAN KEY PLAN
LONG SECTION PLAN PRE-COMP PLAN
T HAN K YOU