Earthquake
Muhammad Tahir K-18CE01
Shehzad Ali K-18CE12
Muhammad Ali Shah K-18CE20
Safeer Ali Jatoi K-18CE21
Shafqat Phulpoto K-18CE32
Outline
• Introduction
• What is Earthquake?
• Terms related to earthquake
• Theories related to earthquake
• Seismograph
• Strength of earthquake
• Effect of earthquake
• Classification of earthquake
• Earthquake zones
• Earthquake resisting structure
• Earthquake in Pakistan
• Conclusion
Introduction
Earthquake is a natural phenomena.
Earthquake constitute one of the worst
natural hazards which often turn into
disaster causing widespread.
Effect of earthquake depend upon its
magnitude and intensity.
The destruction and devastation of
infrastructures are due to earthquake.
What is Earthquake?
o An earthquake is the sudden vibration
of earth surface caused by sudden
blow inside the earth.
o The seismic activity of an area refers
to the frequency, type and size of
earthquakes experienced over a
period.
In its most general sense,
the word earthquake is
used to describe any
seismic event whether
natural or caused by
humans that generates
seismic waves.
Terms Related to Earthquake
• Focus(Hypocenter):-The place of
origin of an earthquake within earth
crust is called its Focus.
• Epicenter:-The area line vertically
above the ground surface over the
focus is called as Epicenter.
• Seismic Waves:-The energy created by
the earthquake that travels in waves
from the epicenter, where they are
the strongest.
Theories Related to Earthquake
• Elastic Rebound Theory:-
Explained by H.F Reid.
1)Accumulation of stress
2)Exceeding elastic limit
3)Failure of rocks
4)Finally generation of Earthquake
• Plate Tectonic Theory
Rock plates-100 km thickness
Thrusting and drifting
Causes Earthquake
Seismograph
A seismograph is a device for measuring
the movement of the earth, and consists of
a ground- motion detection sensor, called a
seismometer, coupled with a recording
system
Seismometers used in earthquake studies are
highly sensitive to ground movements, so that
movements as small as 1/10,000,000 centimeters
(distances almost as small as atomic spacing) can
be detected at very quiet sites.
Modern research seismometers are electronic
and detect and record motions in all directions.
Some seismographs
detects vertical motion, and
some detects Horizontal
motion.
Modern research
seismometers are electronic
and detect and record
motions in all directions.
How seismograph works?
• Seismographs operate on the
principle of inertia -- stationary
objects, such as the weight in
the above picture, remain
stationary unless a force is
applied to them. The weight thus
tends to remain stationary while
the frame and drum are moving.
Modern Seismograph
Use of coil inside magnet.
Motion induce a current that is
measured by a computer.
Modern seismograph can measure
millionth of a mm.
Detect a person walking at 1Km
distance.
Strength/Intensity of earthquake
• Magnitude and Intensity measure different characteristics of
earthquakes. Magnitude measures the energy released at the
source of the earthquake. Magnitude is determined from
measurements on seismographs. Intensity measures the
strength of shaking produced by the earthquake at a certain
location
Comparison b/w magnitude and intensity
(1.o to 3.0)
[Link] felt . slightly felt on upper buildings
(3.0 to 3.9)
2. Felt by few persons indoors and felt on upper buildings
(4.0 t0 4.9)
3. Felt indoors by many and outdoors by few. Dishes windows disturbed
wall make cracking sound.
(6.0 to 6.9)
5. Damaged greatly poor design building and considerably damaged good design
buildings. Fall of chimneys, columns, walls, heavy furniture.
(7.0 and higher)
6. Wood built structure destroyed greatly. Masonry structure building also
destroyed with foundation.
Rails bents, Bridges destroyed, object thrown into air.
Destroyed almost all things.
(5.0 to 5.9)
4. Felt by all many frightened , heavy object can move. Slightly damaged
good design building and considerably damaged poor design buildings.
Effect of earthquake
Buildings are damaged and people get frightened.
Road are fissured, railway line are twisted and bridges are
destroyed.
River change their courses.
Land sliding
Tsunamis
Classification of earthquake
On the bases of depth of focus.
Shallow focus earthquake:
Earthquake having depth of focus upto 55Km.
Intermediate focus earthquake:
having depth of focus b/w 55 to 300 Km
Deep focus earthquake:
Having depth of focus b/w 300 to 650 Km
Earthquake zones
• Zones where earthquake occurred frequently are call seismic belt.
• Circum pacific belt:
It encircle the pacific ocean and 80% earthquake occurred due to
this.
• Alpine Himaliyan belt:
It starts east indies and passes through the himaliyan foot hill
region to Alpine mountain arcs of europe.
• Rift valley region of east and central africa:
Earthquake zones in Pakistan
Zone 1: Intensity less than 0.8
Zone 2A: Intensity b/w 0.8 to 1.6
Zone 2B: Intensity b/w 1.6 to 2.4
Zone 3: Intensity b/w 2.4 to 3.2
Zone 4: Intensity greater than 3.2
Earthquake resisting structure
It is a structure built in those cities in which
earthquake emerged with very high intensity.
So for constructing structure at such places we need
to make elastic foundation of structure to absorb
earthquake waves or vibrations.
Material used in earthquake resisting structure
• Material used in earthquake structure is such as elastic
material and ductile material in foundation.
• In Japan earthquake emerged with very high intensity
that’s why these types of material are used in Japan for
constructing long live structure.
Precautions:
• Avoid construction of Multistory buildings.
• Roads and streets should be wider.
• Use elastic material instead of brittle material.
Conclusion
• Importance of earthquake in geology!
