Tvcnjuufe cz
Name : .............................................
Class : ....................
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that .....................................................................,
Reg. No. ............................ of class XII of GREEN PARK
INTERNATIONAL SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL has
successfully completed his / her project report in chemistry on the topic
“ Sterilization of water using Bleaching powder....” for the
partial fulfillment of AISSCE as prescribed by the CBSE in the year
2018 - 2019.
Viva voce held on :
Registration No :
Signature of the Guide Signature of the principal
Signature of the Internal Signature of the External
Examiner Examiner
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
At the outset, I express our gratitude to the Almighty Lord
for the divine guidance and wisdom showered on me to
undertake this project.
I am immensely grateful to my beloved Principal for her
involvement in this project by providing useful inputs and timely
suggestions.
I am also thankful to my Chemistry teacher for her
guidance and help to make this project a success.
My Parents also played a key role in shaping up this project
nicely and I convey my special thanks to them as well.
CONTENT
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Aim :
To Determine the dosage of bleaching powder required for
sterilization or disinfection of different samples of water.
Introduction :
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L Water is an important and essential ingredient in our quest for
survival on this planet. It is very essential for carrying out various
metabolic processes in our body and also to carry out Hemoglobin
throughout the body.
L A daily average of 1 gallon per man is sufficient for drinking
and cooking purposes. A horse, bullock, or mule drinks about
1 1 gallons at a time. Standing up, an average allowance of 5
gallons should be given for a man, and 10 gallons for a horse or a
camel.
L An elephant drinks 25 gallons, each mule or ox drinks 6 to 8
gallons, each sheep or pig 6 to 8 pints. These are minimum
quantities.
One cubic foot of water = 6 gallons (a gallon = 10 lbs.)
L In order to fulfill such a huge demand of water, it needs to be
purified and supplied in a orderly and systematic way.
L But with the increasing world population, the demand for drinking
water has also increased dramatically and therefore it is very
essential to identify resources of water from which we can use
water for drinking purposes. Many
available resources of water do not have it in drinkable form.
Either the water contains excess of Calcium or Magnesium salts
or any other organic
impurity or it simply contains foreign particles which make it
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L There are many methods for the purification of water. Some of
them are
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L Boe uif mtju hpft po /
L Boiling is perhaps the most commonly used water purification
technique in use today. While in normal households it is an
efficient technique; it cannot be used for industrial and large
scale purposes. It is because in normal households, the water
to be purified is very small in quantity and hence the water loss
due to evaporation is almost negligible.
L But in Industrial or large scale purification of water the water
loss due to evaporation will be quite high and the amount of
purified water obtained will be very less.
L Filtration is also used for removing foreign particles from water.
One major drawback of this purification process is that it cannot
be used for removing foreign chemicals and impurities that are
miscible with water.
L SODIS or Solar Water Disinfection is recommended by the United
Nations for disinfection of water using soft drink bottles, sunlight,
and a black surface-- at least in hot nations with regularly intense
sunlight.
L Water-filled transparent bottles placed in a horizontal position
atop a flat
surface in strong sunlight for around five hours will kill microbes
in the water. The process is made even more safe and effective if
the bottom half of the bottle or the surface it's lying on is
blackened, and/or the flat surface is made of plastic or metal. It's
the combination of heat and ultraviolet light which kills the
organisms.
L The major drawback of this purification technique is that it cannot
be used in countries with cold weather. Also, the time
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L Therefore we need a purification technique which can be used
anytime and
anywhere, does not require the use of any third party content
and which is also economically feasible on both normal scale and
large scale.
L Hence we look at the method of purification of water using the
Theory technique of treatment by bleaching powder commonly known as
“Chlorination”.
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L In 1854 it was discovered that a cholera epidemic spread through
water. The outbreak seemed less severe in areas where sand
filters were installed. British scientist John Snow found that the
direct cause of the outbreak was water pump contamination by
sewage water. He applied chlorine to purify the water, and this
paved the way for water disinfection.
L Since the water in the pump had tasted and smelled normal, the
conclusion was finally drawn that good taste and smell alone
do not guarantee safe drinking water. This discovery led to
governments starting to install municipal water filters (sand
filters and chlorination), and hence the first government
regulation of public water.
L In the 1890s America started building large sand filters to
protect public health. These turned out to be a success.
Instead of slow sand filtration, rapid sand filtration was now
applied. Filter capacity was improved by cleaning it with
powerful jet steam.
L Subsequently, Dr. Fuller found that rapid sand filtration worked
much better when it was preceded by coagulation and
sedimentation techniques. Meanwhile, such waterborne
illnesses as cholera and typhoid became less and less common as
water chlorination won terrain throughout the world.
L But the victory obtained by the invention of chlorination did not
last long. After some time the negative effects of this
element were discovered. Chlorine vaporizes much faster
than water, and it was linked to the aggravation and cause
of respiratory disease.
L Water experts started looking for alternative water
disinfectants. In 1902 calcium hypo chlorite and ferric chloride
were mixed in a drinking water supply in Belgium, resulting in
both coagulation and disinfection.
L The treatment and distribution of water for safe use is one of
L Drinking water chlorination and filtration have helped to virtually
eliminate these diseases in the U.S. and other developed
countries. Meeting the goal of clean, safe drinking water
requires a multi-barrier approach that includes: protecting
source water from contamination, appropriately treating raw
water, and ensuring safe distribution of treated water to
consumers’ taps.
L During the treatment process, chlorine is added to drinking
water as elemental chlorine (chlorine gas), sodium
hypochlorite solution or dry calcium hypochlorite. When
applied to water, each of these forms “free chlorine,” which
destroys pathogenic (disease-causing) organisms.
L Almost all systems that disinfect their water use some type of
chlorine-based process, either alone or in combination with other
disinfectants. In addition to controlling disease-causing
organisms, chlorination offers a number of benefits including:
Reduces many disagreeable tastes and odors;
Eliminates slime bacteria, molds
and algae that commonly grow in water
supply reservoirs, on the walls of water
mains and in storage tanks;
Removes chemical compounds that
have unpleasant tastes and hinder
disinfection; and
Helps remove iron and manganese
from raw water.
L As importantly, only chlorine-based chemicals provide “residual
disinfectant” levels that prevent microbial re-growth and help
protect treated water throughout the distribution system.
L For more than a century, the safety of drinking water supplies
has been greatly improved by the addition of bleaching
powder. Disinfecting our drinking water ensures it is free of
the microorganisms that can cause
serious and life-threatening diseases, such as cholera and typhoid
fever. To this day, bleaching powder remains the most commonly
used drinking water
disinfectant, and the disinfectant for which we have the most
scientific information. Bleaching powder is added as part of
the drinking water treatment process.
L However, bleaching powder also reacts with the organic matter,
naturally present in water, such as decaying leaves. This
methods, chlorine is effective against virtually all microorganisms.
Bleaching powder is easy to apply and small amounts of the
chemical remain in the water as it travels in the distribution
system from the treatment plant to the consumer’s tap, this
level of effectiveness ensures that microorganisms cannot
recontaminate the water after it leaves the treatment.
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L Bleaching powder or Calcium hypochlorite is a chemical
compound with formula Ca(ClO)2. It is widely used for water
treatment and as a bleaching agent bleaching powder).
L This chemical is considered to be relatively stable and has
greater available chlorine than sodium hypochlorite (liquid
bleach). It is prepared by either calcium process or sodium
process.
Calcium Process
2 Ca(OH)2 + 2 Cl2 Ca(ClO)2 +
CaCl2 + 2 H2O
Sodium Process
2Ca(OH)2 + 3Cl2 + 2NaOH Ca(ClO)2 + CaCl2 + 2H2O + 2NaCl
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L This chemical can be used for sterilizing water by Using 5 drops of
bleach per each half gallon of water to be purified, and allowing it
to sit undisturbed for half an hour to make it safe for drinking.
L Letting it sit several hours more will help reduce the chlorine
taste, as the chlorine will slowly evaporate out. A different
reference advises when using household bleach for purification;
add a single drop of bleach per quart of water which is visibly
clear, or three drops per quart of water where the water is
NOT visibly clear. Then allow the water to sit undisturbed for
half an hour.
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L The combination of following processes is used for municipal
drinking water treatment worldwide:
Pre-chlorination - for algae control and arresting any biological
growth
Aeration - along with pre-chlorination for
removal of dissolved iron and
manganese
Coagulation - for flocculation
Coagulant aids also known as polyelectrolyte’s - to
improve coagulation and for thicker floc formation
Sedimentation - for solid separation
Filtration - for removal of carried over floc
Disinfection - for killing bacteria
L Out of these processes, the role of Bleaching powder is
only in the last step
Requirements
i.e.
a) for Disinfection of water.
Apparatus
L Burette,
L titration flask
L 100ml graduated
cylinder
L 250ml measuring flask
L weight
box L
glazed tile
L glass
wool
b)
Chemicals
L
Bleaching
Powder
L Glass
wool
L 0.1 N
Na2S2O3
solution
Pre-Requisite Knowledge:
L A known mass of the given sample of bleaching powder is
dissolved in water to prepare a solution of known
concentration. This solution contains dissolved chlorine,
liberated by the action of bleaching powder with water.
CaOCl2+H20 Ca(OH)2+Cl2
L The amount of Chlorine present in the above solution is
determined by treating a known volume of the above solution
with excess of 10% potassium iodide solution, when equivalent
amount of Iodine is liberated. The Iodine, thus liberated is then
estimated by titrating it against a standard solution of Sodium
thiosulphate, using starch solution as indicator.
Cl2+2KI 2KCl+I2
I2+2Na2S2O3
Na2S4O6+2NaI
L A known Volume of one of the given samples of water is
treated with a known volume of bleaching powder solution. The
amount of residual chlorine is determined by adding excess
potassium iodide solution and then titrating against standard
Procedure
sodium thiosulphate solution.
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the readings,qpxefs tpmvujpo/ of chlorine and hence
the amount
L Weigh accurately
bleaching powder 2.5g of the
required forgiven sample of of
the disinfection bleaching powder
a given volume
andoftransfer
the given sample of water can be calculated.
it to a 250ml conical flask. Add about 100-150ml of distilled
water. Stopper the flask and shake it vigorously. The suspension
thus obtained is filtered through glass wool and the filtrate is
diluted with water (in a measuring flask) to make the volume
250ml. The solution obtained is 1% bleaching powder solution.
L Take 20ml of bleaching powder solution in a stoppered conical
flask and add it to 20ml of 10% KI solution. Stopper the flask
and shake it vigorously. Titrate this solution against 0.1N
Na2S2O3 solution taken in the burette. When the solution in the
conical flask becomes light yellow in color, add about 2ml starch
solution. The solution now becomes blue in color. Continue
titrating till the blue color just disappears. Repeat the titration to
get a set of three concordant readings.
L Take 100ml of the water sample in a 250ml stoppered conical
flask and add it to 10ml of bleching powder solution. Then add
stopper the flask. Shake vigorously and titrate against 0.1N
Na2S2O3 solution using starch solution as indicator.
L Repeat the step 3 with other samples of water and record the
observations.
Observations
L Volume of bleaching powder solution taken is 20
ml.
L Volume of KI solution added is 20 ml.
L Volume of different samples of water is 100 ml
Titration table for distilled water
Cvsfuuf Wpmvnf pg
T/Op Gjobm Dpodpsebou
sfbejoh 0.2 O
Sfbejoh Sfbejoh
jojujbm Na2S2O3
1 2 10.1 8.1
2 10.1 18.4 8.3 8.2
3 18.4 26.6 8.2
Titration table for tank water
Cvsfuuf Wpmvnf pg
T/Op Gjobm Dpodpsebou
sfbejoh 0.2 O
Sfbejoh Sfbejoh
jojujbm Na2S2O3
1 15.1 25.2 10.1
2 25.2 35.2 10.0 10.1
3 35.2 45.4 10.2
Titration table for pond water
Cvsfuuf Wpmvnf pg
T/Op Gjobm Dpodpsebou
sfbejoh 0.2 O
Sfbejoh Sfbejoh
jojujbm Na2S2O3
1 7.2 12.1 4.9
2 12.1 16.9 4.8 4.8
3 16.9 21.9 4.7
Calculations
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L amount of bleaching powder used to disinfect 100 ml of
tap water
= (8.2 - 10.1) ml of 0.2 N of Na2S2O3 solution
= 1.9 ml of 0.2 N of Na2S2O3 solution.
Since 250 ml bleaching powder solution contains 2.5 g bleaching
powder, 1ml of bleaching powder solution contains 0.01g of
bleaching powder.
20ml of bleaching powder solution consumes 8.2 ml of 0.2 N of
Na2S2O3
So 1 ml of Na2S2O3 solution consumes 2.0 / 8.2 ml of bleaching
powder solution Volume of bleaching powder solution used to disinfect
100 ml of water = 1.9 x 20/8.2 ml
1.9 x 20/8.2 ml of bleaching powder solution contains 1.9 x 20 x 0.01/8.2 g
bleaching powder Amount of bleaching powder to disinfect 1 litre of
water is
1.9 x20 x 0.01x1000
=
8.2 x100
= 0.4634 gm
3* Qpoe xbufs )Tbnqmf 3*
Amount of bleaching powder used to disinfect 100 ml of
pond water
= (8.2 - 4.8) ml of 0.2 N Na2S2O3 solution
= 3.4 ml
Accordingl
y,
Volume of bleaching powder solution required to disinfect
Result
Amount of the given sample of bleaching powder required to disinfect one litre
of water for
Tank water (Sample I) = 0.4634 g
Pond water (Sample II)= 0.8293 g
bibliography
L http://www.vlib.us/medical /scancamp/water.htm
L http://www.cbseportal.com
L http://www.jmooneyham.com/wat.html
L http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/bleaching_powder
L http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/water_treatment
