pharmacology
Pharmacology:
Can be defined as the study of the
effects of drug on the function of living
systems .
Drugs:
can be defined as a chemical substance
of known structure which, when
administered to a living organism,
produces a biological effect .
sources of Drugs
1- Animal source: e.g Insuline
2- Plant source, e.g digoxin
3- Microorganisim : e.g
antibiotics like streptomycin from
streptomycin griseus
4- Fungus : pencillinium.
5- Soil material : iodine
6- Synthetic: molecular
pharmaceutics
Approximately 80% of drugs are
taken by mouth,
in the GI tract drug need to be in
solution to be absorbed.
Solid ( tablets and capsules) must
disintegrate into small particles to
dissolve into liquid (dissolution).
Liquid drugs are already solution.
Tablets are not 100% drug based
Some additive (Excipients) used for
size, shape and dissolution of drug.
Some additives increase absorbtion of
drugs e.g : (Na , K ).
Disintegrations: brakdown of tablets
into smaller particles.
Dissolution : dissolving of smaller
particles in GI fluid before absorption.
Rate limiting: time of disintegration
and dissolution to become available
for absorption
Pharmacokinetic:
is the effect of living system on
the drug,
or the action of the body on
drug or the process of drug
movement to achieve drug
action over time through the
body
Including:
(Absorption, distribution,
ABSORPTION
Passage of drug from its site of
administration to blood circulation
Rate of absorption depend on rout of
administration e.g oral , parenetral,
subcutaneous, sublingual.
oral rout is always less than 100%
absorbed.
Intravenous route is usually 100%
absorbed
Bioavailability is a percentage of the
Disteribution
The way in which drug are transported by blood
into site of action.
Influenced by blood flow, affinity to tissue, protien
binding effect.
When drugs distributed in plasma(liquid part of
lymph and blood), and are bound to varying
degree of protein like albumin.
Portion of drug bound is inactive not available to
receptors
Free dug is unbound to protein is active drug and
cause pharmacological response.
Need to be aware of the condition liver and kidney
disease low serum albumin level= less protein
binding site= lead to excess free drug = drug
Metabolism
Termination or inactivation of drug
action
Liver is a primary site where drugs
are inactivated by liver enzymes,
become inactivate metabolites or
water soluble for excretion.
Liver disease alters drug
metabolism = drug toxicity
( decrease rate of metabolism)
Half-life (t1\2): the time it take for
Excreation
Drug removal from the body.
Main route is through the urine.
Other route are bile, feces,
breast milk, lung.
Urine PH influence excretion.
Kidney disease affect drug
excreation.
pharmacodynamic:
- is concerned with the effects of drugs and the
mechanism of their action.
-The most common mechanism is by the
interaction of the drug with tissue receptors .
-Most receptors are proteins and found on cell
membrane.
-drug acts through binding to the receptors to
produce a response or block response.
pharmacodynamic
Onset of action: time it takes to
reach minimum effective concentration.
Peak action: when the drug reaches
its highest blood or plasma concentration
Duration of action: length of time
drug has an effect
pharmacodynamic
Safety of drug: is the major concern.
Therapeutic index: estimate the
margin of safety of drug.
Low therapeutic index: narrow
safety.
High therapeutic index: wide safety
margin and less danger of toxic
effect.
Therapeutic range: area between
Side effects:
Physiological effects not related to
desire drug effects, usually with drug
that lack specificity , e.g
diphenhydramin cause drowsiness.
Adverse reaction:
More severe than side effect can be
mild, moderate or severe adverse
reaction like anaphylaxis.
Toxic effect:
When drug level exceed the therapeutic
range.
General concepts:
Affinity: is the ability of drug to combine
with the receptor.
Intrinsic activity: Is the ability of drug
to induce a conformational chang in the
receptors.
Potency: amount of the needed to produce a
given intensity
Agonist: is the drug that activate the
receptor and produce response
(affinity+efficacy)
Antagonist: is the drug with affinity without
efficacy.
Partial agonist:
are drugs that bind to and activate a given receptor,
but have only partial efficacy at the receptor
relative to full agonist and they produce less effect
Inverse agonist:
is a drug that has a negative efficacy,
bind to the same receptor as agonist
but induces a pharmacological
response opposite to agonist
The five rights
The right patients: check the name on the
order of patients
the right drug: the clint receive the drug
prescribed.
The right dose: is the dose within
recommended range for particular drug.
The right time: the time the dose should be
given
b.i.d :twice aday,
t.i.d: three times a day,
q.i.d: four times aday,
Q6h: every 6 hrs,
5- the right rout: how is the drug
to be administered, oral, parentral
( IM , IV), subcutaneous, rectal
(Suppository),
