Agenda

• Switched Network
• Taxonomy of Switched Networks
• Circuit-Switched Network
• Packet-Switched Network
• Message-Switched Network

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 Switched network
A network is a set of connected devices. Whenever we have multiple devices, we
have the problem of how to connect them to make one-to-one communication
possible.

One solution is to make a point-to-point connection between each pair of devices

 a mesh topology
 A star topology

These methods, however, are impractical and wasteful when applied to very large
networks.

A better solution is switching. A switched network consists of a series of interlinked

nodes, called switches.
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Switched network

Fig 1: Switched Network [1]

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Taxonomy of Switched Networks

Fig 2: Flow of network[1]

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 Switching at TCP/IP layers

• Circuit Switching- Physical Layer

• Packet Switching
• Data Link Layer
• Network Layer
• Message Switching- Application Layer

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 Circuit-Switched Networks

A circuit-switched network consists of a set of switches connected by physical links.

A connection between two stations is a dedicated path made of one or more links.
However, each connection uses only one dedicated channel on each link. Each link
is normally divided into n channels by using FDM or TDM.

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A Trivial Circuit-Switched Network

Fig 3: Circuit Switched[1]

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 Note

In circuit switching, the resources need to be reserved during the setup phase; the

resources remain dedicated for the entire duration of data transfer until the teardown

phase.

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 Example

As a trivial example, let us use a circuit-switched network to connect eight

telephones in a small area. Communication is through 4-kHz voice channels. We
assume that each link uses FDM to connect a maximum of two voice channels. The
bandwidth of each link is then 8 kHz. Figure shows the situation. Telephone 1 is
connected to telephone 7; 2 to 5; 3 to 8; and 4 to 6. Of course the situation may
change when new connections are made. The switch controls the connections.

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Circuit-Switched Network used
in Example

Fig 4: Circuit Switched[1]

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 Three Phases
The actual communication in a circuit-switched network requires three phases:

• Connection setup
• Data transfer
• Connection teardown.

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Delay in a circuit-switched network

Fig 5: Delay in Network[1]

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 Note

Switching at the physical layer in the traditional telephone network uses the circuit-

switching approach.

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 Circuit-Switched Routing
 Many connections will need paths through more than one switch
 Need to find a route
• Efficiency
• Resilience
 Public telephone switches are a tree structure
• Static routing uses the same approach all the time
 Dynamic routing allows for changes in routing depending on traffic
• Uses a peer structure for nodes

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 Alternate Routing

 Possible routes between end offices predefined

 Originating switch selects appropriate route
 Routes listed in preference order
 Different sets of routes may be used at different times

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Circuit Switching Vs Packet Switching

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 Packet-Switched Networks

In data communications, we need to send messages from one end system to another.
If the message is going to pass through a packet-switched network, it needs to be
divided into packets of fixed or variable size. The size of the packet is determined by
the network and the governing protocol.

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 Two Basic Forms of Packet Switching

 Packets handled in two ways

• Datagram
• Virtual circuit

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 Datagram
 Each packet treated independently
 Packets can take any practical route
 Packets may arrive out of order
 Packets may get lost or delayed
 It is up to receiver to re-order packets and recover from missing packets

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 Virtual Circuit
 Preplanned route established before any packets sent
 Call request and call accept packets establish connection (handshake)
 Each packet contains a virtual circuit identifier instead of destination address
 No routing decisions required for each packet
 Clear request to drop circuit
 Not a dedicated

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Internal Virtual Circuit and Datagram
Operation

Fig 1: Datagram Operation[1]

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A datagram network with four
switches (Routers)

Fig 2: Datagram Network with Switch [1]

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Routing table in a datagram
network

Fig 3: Data Network[1]

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 Note

A switch in a datagram network uses a routing table that is based on the destination
address.

The destination address in the header of a packet in a datagram network remains the

same during the entire journey of the packet.

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Delay in a datagram network

Fig 4: Delay in Datagram[1]

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 Virtual-circuit Networks

A virtual-circuit network is a cross between a circuit-switched network and a

datagram network. It has some characteristics of both. A virtual-circuit network is
normally implemented in the data link layer, while a circuit-switched network is
implemented in the physical layer and a datagram network in the network layer.

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 Virtual-Circuit Networks

 As in a circuit-switched network, there are setup and teardown phases in addition

to the data transfer phase.
 Resources can be allocated during the setup phase, as in a circuit-switched
network, or on demand, as in a datagram network.
 As in a datagram network, data are packetized and each packet carries an address
in the header which is VCI (Virtual Circuit Identifier).
 As in a circuit-switched network, all packets follow the same path established
during the connection.

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Virtual-Circuit Network

Fig 5: Virtual Network[1]

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 Virtual-circuit Networks Addressing

In a virtual-circuit network, two types of addressing are involved: global and local.
Global Addressing
A source or a destination needs to have a global address-an address that can be
unique in the scope of the network or internationally if the network is part of an
international network. However, we will see that a global address in virtual-circuit
networks is used only to create a virtual-circuit identifier.
Local Addressing/ Virtual-Circuit Identifier
The identifier that is actually used for data transfer is called the virtual-circuit
identifier (VCl). A VCl is a small number that has only switch scope; it is used by a
frame between two switches. When a frame arrives at a switch, it has a VCI; when it
leaves, it has a different VCl. Note that a VCI does not need to be a large number
since each switch can use its own unique set of VCls.

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Virtual-Circuit Identifier

Fig 6: Virtual Circuit[1]

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 Note
In virtual-circuit switching, all packets belonging to the same source and
destination travel the same path;

but the packets may arrive at the destination with different delays
if resource allocation is on demand.

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Delay in a virtual-circuit network

Fig 11: Delay in Virtual Circuit Network[1]

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 Message Switching

Message switching is a connectionless network switching technique where the entire

message is routed from the source node to the destination node, one hop at a time.
Before sending the message, the sender node adds the destination address to the
message. It is then delivered entirely to the next intermediate switching node. The
intermediate node stores the message in its entirety, checks for transmission errors,
inspects the destination address and then delivers it to the next node. The process
continues till the message reaches the destination.
In the switching node, the incoming message is not discarded if the required
outgoing circuit is busy. Instead, it is stored in a queue for that route and
retransmitted when the required route is available. This is called store and forward
network.

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Message Switching

Fig 11: Message Switching[1]

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 Message Switching

Advantages
•Sharing of communication channels ensures better bandwidth usage.
•It reduces network congestion due to store and forward method. Any switching node
can store the messages till the network is available.
•Broadcasting messages requires much less bandwidth than circuit switching.
•Messages of unlimited sizes can be sent.
•It does not have to deal with out of order packets or lost packets as in packet
switching.
Disadvantages
•In order to store many messages of unlimited sizes, each intermediate switching
node requires large storage capacity.
•Store and forward method introduces delay at each switching node. This renders it
unsuitable for real time applications.
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 Switched VC vs. Permanent VC setup

A virtual circuit can be either switched or permanent.

If permanent, an outgoing VCI is given to the source, and an incoming VCI is given
to the destination.

The source always uses this VCI to send frames to this particular destination.

The destination knows that the frame is coming from that particular source if the
frame carries the corresponding incoming VCI.

If a duplex connection is needed, two virtual circuits are established.

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 References

[1]http://widi.lecturer.pens.ac.id/Teori/Komunikasi%20Data/Data
%20Communications%20and%20Networking%20By%20Behrouz
%20A.Forouzan.pdf

[2]Computer Networks, ANDREW S. TANENBAUM(PHI)

05/12/2024 40
 THANK YOU

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