To get started….
NUTRITION:- The process of taking in and
using food.
NUTRIENTS:- Substances in food that are
used as energy sources to run the system of
the body.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM:- The organs and
glands in the body that are responsible for
digestion.
DIGESTION:- Breakdown of food to smaller
molecules.
INTRODUCTION
The digestive
system is used
for breaking
down food into
nutrients which
then pass into
the circulatory
system and are
taken to where
they are needed
in the body.
Ingestion: Taking in food
There are four stages to food processing:
Digestion: Breaking down food
into nutrients.
Absorption: Taking in nutrients by
cells
Egestion:- Removing any leftover
wastes.
Digestion :-The chemical breakdown
of complex substances into simpler
substances.
It breaks down food into smaller units so
that they pass through the cell membranes of
the wall of the gut.
The major conversions are-
Protein into amino acids
Carbohydrates into simpler sugar
Lipids to fatty acids
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Alimentary canal Digestive glands
Mouth Salivary glands
Oesophagus Liver
Stomach Gall bladder
Small intestine Pancreas
Large intestine
Rectum
Anus
Two phases of digestion
Mechanical phase:- Involves the breaking
up of food into small pieces, pushing the food
down the food tube, and mixing with it
digestive juices.
Chemical phase:- Involves the further
breaking up of the larger molecules of food
into smaller molecules by the action of
digestive enzymes.
MOUT
It is upper expanded
H portion which forms
the beginning of alimentary canal. The
important structures of mouth are:
1. Lips
2. Tongue
3. Teeth
4. Salivary gland
TONGUE-Tongue lie in the floor of the mouth and it is attached to hyoid bone
Functions:-
Tongue helps in
manipulating the
food while chewing
and mixing it with
saliva, tasting,
cleaning the food
particles from the
teeth and aids in
speaking also.
Teeth
The human teeth function to mechanically
break down food items by cutting, speaking.
Humans have four types of teeth:
Incisors
Canines
Premolar
Molar
Different shapes of teeth
Incisors:- The four front teeth
in the centre of each jaw. They
are used for biting and cutting.
Canines :-One on either side of
the incisors. They are used for
holding and tearing.
Premolars:- Two on each side in
each jaw next to canines. Each
has hill like projections or cusps
called bicuspid. Helps in
grinding and crushing the food.
Molar:- Last three teeth present
next to premolar. They help in
grinding and crushing of food.
Stages of teeth
Mammalian teeth
appear in two sets
during lifetime.
In humans, the first
set, or milk teeth,
consists of 20 teeth,
when the child is
about 7-8 months old.
Temporary or
deciduous teeth.
Permanent teeth.
Dental formula
The number of permanent teeth of mammals is
usually indicted in a formula in which the number of
Incisors, Canines, Premolars and Molar is given
in the form of dental formula.
Human child:-2,1,0,2 =20
2,1,0,2
Human adolescent:- 2,1,2,2 =28
2,1,2,2
Human adult:- 2,1,2,3 =32
2,1,2,3
Structure of a Tooth
INCISOR OR CANINE PREMOLAR
Salivary glands
The salivary glands
are exocrine glands,
glands with ducts, that
produce saliva and
pour their secretion in
the oral cavity.
It produce an enzyme
Salivary
amylase(ptyalin).
Cleans the mouth and
tends to destroy germs
to prevent tooth decay.
STARCHSalivary MALTOSE
amylase
Salivary gland
•The saliva is
secreted by 3 pairs
of SG
•Parotid glands:-
located just in front
of and beneath each
ear.
•Sub mandibular
glands:- lies in lower
jaw on each side.
•Sub lingual gland:-
OESOPHAGUS
A straight muscular tube that is about 10
inches(25cm)long which connects the throat
with the stomach.
Food takes about 4 to 8 seconds as it passes
through to the stomach.
Its walls contain smooth muscles that contracts
in wavy motion(Peristalsis).
Peristalsis propels food and liquid slowly
down the oesophagus into the stomach.
The opening of the oesophagus into the
stomach – Cardiac Sphincter.
STOMACH
J- shaped muscular The opening of the
sac stomach into the
Located below intestine-PYLORUS
diaphragm.
Churns and grinds
together the bolus
into smaller pieces.
Food is mixed with
gastric juices(HCL
and enzymes)
secreted by the
stomach walls.
STOMACH
Gastric juice is
secreted by the inner HCL
lining of the stomach.
Pepsinogen
It contains water,salts INACTIVE ACTIV
Pepsin E
,HCL and an
enzyme(pepsin). Pepsin
Pepsin is first
Protein Peptides
secreted as
pepsinogen which is s
then changed to
pepsin.
SMALL INTESTINE
Long tube(7 meters) present beneath
the stomach.
It is coiled and folded in the abdomen.
Has three parts:
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Structure of intestinal villi
The inner lining of the ileum is
made into a great number of
tiny finger like projections
called villi.
The villi increase the inner
surface area of the
intestine(8 times more).
This helps in absorption of
digested food.
Each villus is covered by a
single cell thick epithelium.
Inside the villus contains
artery, vein, inter connecting
blood capillaries and a lymph
vessel called lacteal.
LARGE INTESTINE
The large intestine is about 1.5
meters long.
It has 3 parts-
Ceacum:-is a small blind pouch
situated at the junction between
small and large intestine.
Colon :-it passes up the
abdomen on the right(ascending
colon), crosses to the left just
below the stomach(transverse
colon) and down on the left
side(descending colon).
Rectum :-is the last part about
15cm long which opens at the
anus.
LIVER
Is the largest gland of the body.
It is a reddish brown organ located in the
upper right side of the abdomen just below
the diaphragm.
FUNCTIONS:-1. Control of blood sugar
level.
[Link] of amino acid levels.
[Link] produces the RBC in the embryo.
Detoxification organ.
BILE
This is a yellowish green watery fluid
produced in the liver.
The hepatic duct is joined by the cystic duct to
form the common bile duct.
The bile may flow directly into the duodenum.
The colour of the bile is due to the pigments-
biliverdin and bilirubin.
Bile
[Link] Emulsion/emulsified
t fat
Bil
[Link] chyme e Alkaline chyme
NaHCO
3
PANCREATIC JUICE
This is produced in a whitish gland,
pancreas, located behind the stomach.
The pancreatic duct opens into duodenum
by an apertutre called bile duct.
The panceatic juice contains 3 kinds of
enzymes-
Amylopsin, Trypsin, Steapsin.
Overall role of pancreatic enzymes is as follows:
Enterokina
[Link] Tryps
in
Trypsin Smaller peptides + amino acids
Proteins
Leftover starch Amylopsi Maltos
n e
Emulsified fat Steapsin Fatty acids+ Glycerol
INTESTINAL JUICE
Erepsin/
Peptides Peptidases
Amino acids
Maltase
Maltose Glucose
Sucrose Sucrase
Glucose +
Fructose
Lactose(milk sugar)Lactase
Glucose +
Galactose
Emulsified fat Lipase
Fatty acids+ Glycero
