Sexual Offences
Dr. Faisal Naeem Bandesha
[Link]. Scholar
Forensic Medicine & Toxicology
Classification of Sexual Offences
Natural Unnatural Perversions Others
• Rape • Sodomy • Sadism • Indecent
• Incest • Lesbianism • Masochism Assault
• Adultery • Bestiality • Fetishism • Sexual
• Buccal Coitus • Exhibitionism Harassment
• Voyeurism • Stalking
• Frotteurism
• Masturbation
• Transvestitism
Rape
A man is said to commit rape who has sexual intercourse with a woman under
circumstances falling under any of the five following descriptions:
• Against her will
• Without her consent
• With her consent, when the consent has been obtained by putting her in
fear of death or hurt
• With her consent when the man knows that he is not married to her and
that the man is another person to whom she is or believes herself to be married
• With or without her consent when she is under sixteen years of age
Examination of rape Survivor
Steps in Examination of Sexual Assault
Survivor
Physical Sample Documentation
Consent History Trace evidence
examination collection and reporting
General Genito-anal
examination examination
Consent according to PPC
164A
Informed Voluntary Capacity
History Taking
Bath,
Urinate,
Gynecologic History of
Bio-Data Obstetrical Medical Family Washing/Ch
al event
anging of
clothes
Gynecological
History
Last
Last
Last voluntary
Marital Contraceptiv Pregnancy voluntary Venereal
Menstrual intercourse
Status e use status intercourse Disease
Period before
after assault
assault
Trace Evidence
Collection,
Examination of
Foreign Bodies Stains Packaging and Dispatch
Clothes
Sealing
Trace Evidence
Collecting,
Cloth examination Foreign bodies Stains Packaging & Dispatch
Sealing
General
Examination
General Face,
Arms & Thighs & Hips &
Appearan Ears, Lips Scalp Neck Breasts Abdomen
Hands Legs Buttocks
ce & Chin
Recording &
Classifying
Injuries
Circumstances in
How was injury Force required to Consequences of
Age of Injury which injury was
produced? produce the injury injury
sustained
Feature Notes
Site Record the anatomical position of the wound
Size The dimensions of the wound(s) should be measured
Shape Describe the shape of the wound(s) (e.g. linear, curved, irregular
Note the condition of the surrounding or the nearby tissues (e.g. bruised,
Surrounds
swollen)
Color Observation of color is particularly relevant when describing bruises.
Course Comment on the apparent direction of the force applied (e.g. in abrasions)
Contents Note the presence of any foreign material in the wound (e.g. dirt, glass).
Comment on any evidence of healing. Note that accurate ageing is impossible
Age
and great caution is required when commenting on this aspect.
The characteristics of the edges of the wound may provide a clue as to the
Borders
weapon used.
Classification Use accepted terminology wherever possible
Give an indication of the depth of the wound(s); this may have to be an
Depth
estimate.
Pre-requisite of
Genito-anal
examination
Consent Exposure Position Attendant Safe Kit
Safe
Kit
Specula
Good Lithoto Swab
Pedestal Surgical of Magnif Test Contain
Light my Applica Slides Comb
Lamp Gloves Various y Lens Tubes ers
Source Table tor
Sizes
Hymen
• Membranous 1 mm thick
• Thin to parchment to falsely and firm edges:-
• Straight
• Triangular
• Partly folded
• Digital/instrumental penetration – anteriorly
• Penile penetration – posterior-laterally
• VIRGO INTACTA
• Female with an intact hymen
Genito-anal injuries
The examiner Pubic hair Soiling
should look for
Mons Pubis Swelling
Thighs Bruises
Clitoris & Vestibule Swelling & Bruises
Urethra Bleeding & Foul smell
Vulva & Labia majora Swelling, Bruise, Abrasion
Labia Minora Swelling, Bruise, Abrasion, Tearing
Posterior Fourchette Bruise & Tearing
Bruise, Laceration, Abrasion
Fosa Navicularis
Hymen Redness, Bruise, Abrasion, Tearing, Healing
Vagina Redness, Swelling, Bruise, Laceration, Bleeding,
Perforation
Likelihood & The state of the tissues (i.e. size, lubrication, durability)
extent of injuries
depends on:
Size and characteristics of the penetrating object
The amount of force used
Degree of relaxation in the pelvic and perineal musculature
The position of the perpetrator and angle of penetration.
The posterior fourchette, labia minora & majora, the hymen and the perianal
folds are the most likely sites for injury.
Abrasions , bruises and lacerations are the most common forms of injury
Sample Collection
Sampling Sequence
Vestibule (External
Peri-anal area High Vaginal swab Low Vaginal swab
swab)
Urine Sample Drug assisted sexual assault
Clothing All clothing-paper bags-trace material
Sheet of Paper Complainer stands on Hairs/Fibers
Venous Blood Toxicology (not DNA)
Saliva And/or mouth swab Spermatozoa; DNA
Swabs from potentially high-yield areas Neck, breasts, or external genitalia, if the history is absent or incomplete
Skin Swabs (UV light- false positives)
Fingernail Scrapings Clippings less popular
Head Hair Cut-semen
Pubic Hair Combed & cut (no longer plucked)
Vulva/Vaginal Swabs External; low and high vaginal- Can prepare Wet Mount Evaluation Slide
Anal Swabs Only if appropriate
Penile Swabs Vaginal DNA; fecal; DNA other source(Victim)
Detection Time
AREA SPERMATOZOA SEMINAL FLUID
Vagina 6 days 12-18 hrs
Anus 3 days 3 hrs
Mouth 24 hrs (max 31) 1 hr
Clothing/Bedding Until washed Until washed
Preservation & Dispatching
Blood for toxicology In plain vial having NaF
Blood for DNA EDTA tube
Urine Whole in thymol (preferably)
Vomitus/Gastric Lavage First washing without preservative
Swabs for DNA Air dried packed in paper envelop without preservation
Hair, nails and stains Paper Envelop
For Toxicology DG Toxicology Section PFSA Thokar Niaz Baig Lahore
For DNA DG DNA Section PFSA Thokar Niaz Baig Lahore
Documentation
•Location of all abnormalities recorded 12 hr. clock
•All areas should be examined: vulva, labia majora, labia minora, fossa
navicularis, clitoris, urethra, hymen, vagina, fourchette, including negative findings
EXCEPT old hymenal tears in unmarried and TFT
•Hymen should be described in detail (in children)
•Each structure: signs of recent injury
•Anal and peri-anal margin: recent injury
Formulation of Opinion
Physical and Genital Trauma Positive:
• The clinical examination, including the pathology and radiology department reports, suggests that the act of
forceful sexual offence/assault has occurred with her at this given moment in time.
Physical trauma negative, genital trauma positive:
• Suggests that the act of sexual offence/assault has taken place with her at this given moment in time.
Physical trauma positive, genital trauma negative:
• Suggests that the act of physical/indecent assault has taken place with her; however, no signs suggest sexual
offence at this given moment in time.
Physical trauma negative, trivial genital trauma with intact hymen:
• Suggests that an attempt to rape has been committed at this given moment in time.
Physical trauma negative, genital trauma positive (old):
• (old-not to be documented). Are not suggestive of any sexual offence/assault at this given moment in time.
Sodomy
• Definition: It is anal intercourse between two males (homosexual sodomy) or between a male
and a female (heterosexual sodomy).
• It is also called buggery.
• Pederasty is intimate sexual relations, especially anal intercourse with a boy outside his
immediate family as the passive partner.
• Boy is known as catamite.
• Man is known as pederast.
Examination of Passive Agent of Sodomy
Non-Habitual Passive Habitual Passive
• A perianal and rectal swab should be taken first. • There may be shaving of anal hair.
• Any matted (anal/pubic) or foreign hair should • Bloodstains are usually not observed.
be preserved for examination.
• Loose foreign hair and smears of lubricant
• Pain/tenderness during examination. may be present.
• Smears of lubricant and loose foreign pubic hair • Perianal skin may be thickened and
around/in the anus. keratinized with mucocutaneous eversion.
• Fresh/dried semen may be present around/in the
• Person does not experience any pain or
anus.
tenderness during digital examination.
• Superficial injuries include perianal abrasions,
bruising, erythema, hematoma, edema and anal
• Anal sphincter is lax, opening is patulous,
fissures. canal is dilated and there may be loss of fine
symmetric rugal pattern, along with
• Deep injuries include anal lacerations/tears
congested or dilated veins.
extending onto the perineum, complete
transection of the external anal sphincter and • Lateral traction test: External anal
perforation of the rectosigmoid (more common sphincter relaxes reflexly when bimanual
Non-Habitual Passive Habitual Passive
• Linear abrasions may be seen around the anal opening.
• Anal fissures are usually in the posterior quadrant,
• Anal opening is more deeply situated than
wedged shaped (triangular), directed radially towards the
anal canal. usual due to absorption of subcutaneous fat,
• Hematoma may be present, which is diffuse and present giving a funnel-shaped depression of
circumferentially around anal margin with obliteration of buttocks. The ‘funnel shaped’ anus is rarely
normal anal skin folds giving an appearance of a tyre seen.
(‘tyre sign’).
• The anus opening appears blue, may be some edema • Rectum: Thickned, congested and prolapse
around the anus lasting up to 2 days. of mucosa with disappearence of radial
• There may be anal prolapse. fold.
• First intercourse may result in overt tearing of anal skin • Other signs: Venereal disease, cryptitis,
and underlying sphincter muscle or splitting of skin and
production of anal fissure or mere abrasion or contusion piles, fissures, anal scars from healed
of the opening. injuries and homosexual mannerism
• Digital examination is extremely painful, may show loss regarding dress, gait, manner of speaking
of elasticity and tone. and cosmetics.
• At the end, anal canal and lower rectum is examined with
Specimen to be Preserved
Passive Agent Active Agent
• Clothing • Clothing
• Swab from Anal Canal • Swab from Glans
• Swab from Bite Mark • Urethral Discharge
• Blood • Blood
• Nail Scrapings • Nail Scrapings
• Matted/Foreign Pubic hair • Pubic hair
• His own hair • Urine
