CE 311 K - Introduction to
Computer Methods
Matrices
Matrices
Variety of engineering problems lead to the
need to solve systems of linear equations
Ax = b
a11 a12 a13 a1n
x1 b1
a21 a22 a23 a2 n x2 b2
A = x = b =
am1 am 2 am3 amn xn bm
matrix column vectors
Matrix
Matrix- a rectangular array of numbers
arranged into m rows and n columns:
a11 a12 a13 a1n
Rows, a21 a22 a23 a2 n
i = 1, …, m
am1 am 2 am3 amn
Columns,
j = 1, …, n
Examples
These are valid matrices
1 0 a b 1 2 3
0 1 c e 0 1 0
These are not
11
1 2 4 7
3 5 6
8 9
10
Row and Column Matrices (vectors)
row matrix (or row vector) is a matrix with
one row
r = ( r1 r2 r3 rn )
column vector is a matrix with only one
column
c1
c
c = 2
cm
Square Matrix
When the row and column dimensions of a
matrix are equal (m = n) then the matrix is
called square
a11 a12 a1n
a21 a22 a2 n
A =
an1 an 2 ann
Transportation
Given a list of cities (or destinations, nodes,
etc) and flights (or roads, connections, etc)
from city a to city b
Build a square matrix M with the cities
indexing each side of the matrix
– M[a,b] = 1 if there is a connection from a to b
– M[b,a] = 1 if there is a reverse connection from b
to a
– M[a,b] = 0 if there is no connection from a to b
Example
Albany (A), Boston (B), New Make a graph of this
York (N), Philly (P), Wash information where vertices
represent cities and every edge
(W), Richmond (R), Detroit represents a flight.
(D), and Las Vegas (L)
– B to N, P, W, D B
B
0
A
0
N
1
P
1
W
1
R
0
D
1
L
0
A 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
– A to N, W N
P
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
W 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1
– N to B, P, W, R, D, L R 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
D 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
– P to N, B, W, R L 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
– W to B, A, N, R, P, L
– R to N, P, W
Examine the matrix to see if
there is a round trip between
– D to B, N every city that is connected by a
– L to N, W flight.
Matrix Transpose
The transpose of the (m x n) matrix A is the (n x
m) matrix formed by interchanging the rows and
columns such that row i becomes column i of
the transposed matrix
a11 a21 am1
a11 a12 a1n
a a22 am 2
a a22 a2 n AT = 12
A = 21
a
m1 am 2 amn a1n a2n amn
Example - Transpose
1 3 T 1 2
A= A =
2 5 3 5
1 0
1 3 4
A= AT = 3 1
0 1 0
4 0
Matrix Equality
Two (m x n) matrices A and B are equal if
and only if each of their elements are equal.
That is
A=B
if and only if
aij = bij for i = 1,...,m; j = 1,...,n
Vector Addition
The sum of two (m x 1) column vectors a and
b is
a1 b1 a1 + b1
a b a + b2
a + b = 2 + 2 = 2
am bm am + bm
Examples - Vector Addition
1 3
− 3 5
u= v=
2 − 1
4 − 2
1 3 1 + 3 4 1 5
− 3 5 − 3 + 5 2 − 3 − 15
u+v = + = = 5u = 5 =
2 − 1 2 − 1 1 2 10
4 − 2 4 − 2 2 4 20
Matrix Addition
a11 a12 a1n b11 b12 b1n
a21 a22 a2 n b21 b22 b2 n
A + B = +
a am 2 amn b bm 2 bmn
m1 m1
a11 + b11 a12 + b12 a1n + b1n
a21 + b21 a22 + b22 a2 n + b2 n
=
a + bm1 am 2 + bm 2 amn + bmn
m1
Examples - Matrix Addition
1 2 3 3 2 1
A = 2 1 4 B = − 4 1 2
1 4 3 2 3 1
1 2 3 3 2 1 4 4 4
A + B = 2 1 4 + − 4 1 2 = − 2 2 6
1 4 3 2 3 1 3 7 4
The following matrix addition is not defined
1 2 2 4 6
5 2 + 1 3 5 = ? (not defined!)
Scalar – Matrix Multiplication
Multiplication of a matrix A by a scalar is
defined as αa11 αa12 αa1n
α a α a α a 2n
αA = 21 22
αam1 αam 2 αamn
Examples
1 2 4 8
α = 4, A= , αA = 0 4
0 1
1 4 1 − 2 − 8 − 2
α = −2, A = , αA = − 4 0 − 6
2 0 3
Matrix – Matrix Multiplication
The product of two matrices A and B is defined only
if
– the number of columns of A is equal to the number of rows
of B.
If A is (m x p) and B is (p x n), the product is an (m x
n) matrix C
C mxn = Amxp B pxn
Matrix – Matrix Multiplication
a11 a12 a1 p b11 b12 b1n
a21 a22 a1 p b21 b22 b1n
C = AB =
am1 am 2 amp b p1 b p 2 b pn
a11b11 + + a1 p b p1 a11b12 + + a1 p b p 2 a11b1n + + a1 p b pn
a21b11 + + a2 p b p1 a21b12 + + a2 p b p 2 a21b1n + + a2 p b pn
=
am1b11 + + amp b p1 am1b12 + + amp b p 2 am1b1n + + amp b pn
p
cij = ∑ aik bkj
k =1
Example - Matrix Multiplication
b1
a = (a1, a2 ,, an ) b2
b=
c1x1 = a1xn bnx1 (scalar)
bn
b1
b2
c = a ⋅ b = (a1, a2 ,, an ) = a1b1 + a2b2 + + an bn
bn
Example - Matrix Multiplication
a11 a12 a1n b1
a
21 a22 a2n b2
A= b=
a c nx1 = Anxn bnx1
n1 an 2 ann bn
a11 a12 a1n b1 a11b1 + a12b2 + a1n bn
a
21 a22 a2n b2 a11b1 + a22b2 + a2n bn
c = Ab = =
a
n1 an 2 ann bn an1b1 + an 2b2 + ann bn
Example - Matrix Multiplication
1 3 2 1
A= B=
2 4 3 5
C 2 x 2 = A2 x 2 B2 x 2
1 3 2 1 1 ⋅ 2 + 3 ⋅ 3 1 ⋅1 + 3 ⋅ 5 11 16
C = A⋅ B = = =
2 4 3 5 2 ⋅ 2 + 4 ⋅ 3 2 ⋅1 + 4 ⋅ 5 16 22
Example - Matrix Multiplication
1 2 3 2 1
A = 2 1 4 B = 1 2
1 4 3 2 1
1 2 3 2 1
C = A ⋅ B = 2 1 4 1 2
C 3 x 2 = A3 x3 B3 x 2
1 4 3 2 1
1 ⋅ 2 + 2 ⋅1 + 3 ⋅ 2 1 ⋅1 + 2 ⋅ 2 + 3 ⋅1 10 8
= 2 ⋅ 2 + 1 ⋅1 + 4 ⋅ 2 2 ⋅1 + 1 ⋅ 2 + 4 ⋅1 = 13 8
1 ⋅ 2 + 4 ⋅1 + 3 ⋅ 2 1 ⋅1 + 4 ⋅ 2 + 3 ⋅1 12 12
Example - Matrix Multiplication
3 0 4 7
B=
A = 1 1
6 8
5 2
C 3 x 2 = A3 x 2 B2 x 2
3 0 12 21
4 7
C = A⋅ B = 1 1 = 10 15
6 8
5 2 32 51
Diagonal Matrices
a11 0 0 0
0 a22 0 0
A =
Diagonal Matrix 0 0 0
0 0 0 ann
Tridiagonal Matrix a11 a12 0 0 0
a21 a22 a23 0 0
A = 0 a32 0
0 0 a45
0 0 0 a54 a55
Identity Matrix
Identity Matrix
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
I =
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
The identity matrix has the property that
if A is a square matrix, then
IA = AI = A
Matrix Inverse
If
A is an (n x n) square matrix and there is a
matrix X with the property that AX = I
X is defined to be the inverse of A and is
denoted A-1
AA−1 = I A−1 A = I
AA −1 = I
Example - Matrix Inverse
• Example (2 x 2) matrix
a11 a12
A =
a a
21 22
1 a22 − a12
A−1 =
a11a22 − a12 a21 − a21 a11
Special Matrices
u11 u12 u13 u14
0 u22
u23 u24
Upper Triangular Matrix U=
0 0 u33 u34
0 0 0 u44
Lower Trangular Matrix L11 0 0 0
L21 L22
0 0
L=
L31 L32 L33 0
L L44
41 L42 L43
