Transport in animals
INTRODUCTION
The cardiovascular system is
transport system of body
It comprises blood, heart and
blood vessels.
The system supplies nutrients
to and remove waste
products from various tissue
of body.
The transport medium is
blood in the form of liquid
which flows in close tubular
system.
Figure 1-2(f)
FUNCTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
Transport nutrients, hormones
Remove waste products
Gaseous exchange
Immunity
Blood vessels transport blood
◦ Carries oxygen and carbon dioxide
◦ Also carries nutrients and wastes
Heart pumps blood through blood vessels
COMPONENTS OF CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
•BLOOD
•HEART
•BLOOD VESSELS
BLOOD
•The Blood consists of
•Blood cells & Plasma
•Blood cells are of three types
•Red blood cells
•White blood cells
•Platelets
1- Erythrocytes - Red Blood Cells
•circular in shape ,
•contains no nucleus,
•contains a red pigment
called hemoglobin ,
a flexible cell membrane.
2- Leukocytes or white blood cells
consists of two types of cells
Phagocytes and lymphocytes
Phagocytes are larger , have lobed nucleus and irregular
in shape. They can move about and squeeze the walls of
blood capillaries.
a lymphocytes have large spherical nucleus. They are smaller than
phagocytes.
3- Thrombocytes or platelets are cell fragments of cytoplasm.
Produced in bone marrow . It contains an enzyme that plays part in
clotting of blood.
Plasma is fluid portion of blood :
A pale yellow liquid . Contains mainly water and dissolved
substances, such as glucose, mineral ion , proteins ,hormones,
urea , carbon dioxide as hydrogen carbonate ions.
HEART
• Heart is a four chambered, hollow
muscular organ approximately the size
of your fist
• Location:
– Superior surface of diaphragm
– Left of the midline
– Anterior to the vertebral column, posterior
to the sternum
Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System 9
HEART
Figure 18.1
Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System 10
FUNCTIONS OF THE HEART
• Generating blood pressure
• Routing blood
Heart separates pulmonary and systemic
circulations
• Ensuring one-way blood flow
Heart valves ensure one-way flow
• Regulating blood supply
Changes in contraction rate and force match
blood delivery to changing metabolic needs
BLOOD VESSELS
•Blood Vessels -A closed network of tubes
•These includes:
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
BLOOD VESSELS
-Arteries(Distributing channel)
• Thick walled tubes
• Elastic Fibers
• Circular Smooth Muscle
–Capillaries (microscopic vessels)
• One cell thick
• Serves the Respiratory System
–Veins (draining channel)
ARTERIES
Blood vessels that
carry blood away from
the heart are called
arteries.
They are the thickest
blood vessels and they
carry blood high in
oxygen known as
oxygenated blood
(oxygen rich blood).
ARTERIES
• Accompanied by vein and nerves
• Lumen is small
• No valves
• Repeated branching
CAPILLARIES (5-8 micron)
• The smallest blood
vessels are
capillaries and they
connect the arteries
and veins.
• This is where the
exchange of
nutrients and gases
occurs.
VEINS
• Blood vessels that carry
blood back to the heart
are called veins.
• They have one-way
valves which prevent
blood from flowing
backwards.
• They carry blood that is
high in carbon dioxide
known as deoxygenated
blood (oxygen poor
blood).
STRUCTURE OF VEINS AND ARTERIES
Different types of blood vessels vary
slightly in their structures, but they
share the same general features.
Arteries and arterioles have thicker
walls than veins and venules
because they are closer to the heart
and receive blood that is surging at
a far greater pressure (Figure 2).
Each type of vessel has a lumen—a
hollow passageway through which
blood flows. Arteries have smaller
lumens than veins, a characteristic
that helps to maintain the pressure
of blood moving through the system.
Together, their thicker walls and
smaller diameters give arterial
lumens a more rounded appearance
in cross section than the lumens of
veins.
VEINS
• Thin Walled
• Large irregular lumen
• Have valves
• Dead space around
• Types:
Large
Medium
Small
CIRCULATION
– Coronary circulation – the circulation
of blood within the heart.
– Pulmonary circulation – the flow of
blood between the heart and lungs.
– Systemic circulation – the flow of
blood between the heart and the cells
of the body.
– Fetal Circulation
SYSTEMIC AND PULMONARY
CIRCULATION
Pulmonary circulation
The flow of blood
between the heart
and lungs.
Systemic circulation
The flow of blood
between the heart
and the cells of the
body.
Figure 18.5
Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System 22
CORONARY CIRCULATION: ARTERIAL
SUPPLY
Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System 23
Figure 18.7a
PORTAL CIRCULATION
Portal circulation -
the flow of blood
between tow set of
capillaries before
draining in systemic
veins.
FETAL CIRCULATION
APPLIED
Diseases and Disorders
BLOOD PRESSURE
HAEMORRHAGE/STROKE
ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
ANEURYSM
CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE (CAD)
HEART ATTACK
CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE (CHF)
ANEMIA, HEMOPHILIA, AND LEUKEMIA
APPLIED
• Problems with the
cardiovascular system
are common, but
they don’t just affect
older people.
• Many heart problems
affect children and
teenagers.
