Cell Structure
& Function
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Why Study Cell Biology?
The key to every
biological problem must
finally be sought in the
cell, for every living
organism is, or at some
time has been, a cell.
E.B. Wilson, 1925
Cells are Us
Cells are Us
Cilia on a protozoan Sperm meets egg
Cells are Us
A person contains about 100 trillion
cells. That’s 100,000,000,000,000 or 1 x
1014 cells.
There are about 200 different cell types
in mammals (one of us).
Red and
Cells are tiny, measuring on average white blood
about 0.002 cm (20 um) across. That’s cells above
about 1250 cells, “shoulder-to- vessel-
forming
shoulder” per inch.
cells.
nerve cell
The Cell Theory
The cell theory (proposed independently in 1838
and 1839) is a cornerstone of biology.
All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
Schleiden
Cells are the smallest living things.
Cells arise only by division of previously existing cells.
All organisms living today are descendents of an
ancestral cell. Schwann
A Sense of Scale and Abundance – Bacteria on the Head of a Pin
Two Fundamentally Different Types of Cells
A prokaryotic cell
A eukaryotic cell
Eukaryotes and
Prokaryotes
An Idealized Animal Cell
Major Divisions of the Eukaryotic Cell
A rat liver cell (with color enhancement to show organelles)
It’s Crowded In There
An artist’s conception of the cytoplasm - the region of a
cell that’s not in the nucleus or within an organelle.
It’s Crowded In There
A micrograph showing
cytoskeleton (red),
ribosomes (green), and
membrane (blue)
Animal and Plant Cells Have More
Similarities Than Differences
Cell Theory
• All living things are made up of cells.
• Cells are the smallest working units of all
living things.
• All cells come from preexisting cells
through cell division.
Definition of Cell
A cell is the smallest unit that is
capable of performing life
functions.
Examples of Cells
Amoeba Proteus
Plant Stem
Bacteria
Red Blood Cell
Nerve Cell
Two Types of Cells
•Prokaryotic
•Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic
• Do not have
structures
surrounded by
membranes
• Few internal
structures
• One-celled
organisms,
Bacteria
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Eukaryotic
• Contain organelles surrounded by membranes
• Most living organisms
Plant Animal
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“Typical” Animal Cell
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“Typical” Plant Cell
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Cell Parts
Organelles
Cell Organelles
© J Beauchemin 2006
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT PARTS
OF THE CELL?:
GROUP ACTIVITY
GROUP CONTENT CHOREOGRAPY OVERALL
(FUNCTION) (50%) PERFORMANCE
40% (10%)
1
2
3
4
GROUP ACTIVITY
• GROUP 1 - • GROUP 2 - RIBOSOMES
MITOCHONDRIA
GROUP ACTIVITY
• GROUP 3 – • GROUP 4 – GOLGI
ENDOPLASMIC COMPLEX
RETICULUM
Cell Organelles
• Organelle= “little
organ”
• Found only inside
eukaryotic cells
• All the stuff in between
the organelles is
cytosol
• Everything in a cell
except the nucleus is
cytoplasm
Surrounding the Cell
Cell Membrane
• Outer membrane of cell
that controls movement
in and out of the cell
• Double layer
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Cell Membrane
1. Cell Membrane is also called Plasma Membrane
Functions:
a. The boundary between the cell and its
external environment
b. As a structure that controls the
movement of substances in and out of the
cell
Cell Wall
• Most commonly found
in plant cells &
bacteria
• Supports & protects
cells
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Inside the Cell
Nucleus
• Directs cell activities
• Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear
membrane
• Contains genetic material - DNA
Nuclear Membrane
• Surrounds nucleus
• Made of two layers
• Openings allow
material to enter and
leave nucleus
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Cytoskeleton
• Acts as skeleton and
muscle
• Provides shape and
structure
• Helps move organelles
around the cell
• Made of three types of
filaments
Chromosomes
• In nucleus
• Made of DNA
• Contain instructions
for traits &
characteristics
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Nucleolus
• Inside nucleus
• Contains RNA to build
proteins
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Cytoplasm
• Gel-like mixture
• Surrounded by cell membrane
• Contains hereditary material
Cytoplasm – is found inside the cell
membrane surrounding the nucleus.
It is where most life processes occur.
It is made up of fluid like substance
where organelles are located.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Moves materials around
in cell
• Smooth type: lacks
ribosomes
• Rough type (pictured):
ribosomes embedded in
surface
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Ribosomes
• Each cell contains
thousands
• Make proteins
• Found on ribosomes
& floating throughout
the cell
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Mitochondria
• Produces energy through
chemical reactions –
breaking down fats &
carbohydrates
• Controls level of water and
other materials in cell
• Recycles and decomposes
proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates
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Golgi Bodies
• Protein 'packaging
plant'
• Move materials within
the cell
• Move materials out of
the cell
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Lysosome
• Digestive 'plant' for
proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates
• Transports undigested
material to cell
membrane for removal
• Cell breaks down if
lysosome explodes
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Vacuoles
• Membrane-bound
sacs for storage,
digestion, and waste
removal
• Contains water
solution
• Help plants maintain
shape
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Chloroplast
• Usually found in plant
cells
• Contains green
chlorophyll
• Where
photosynthesis takes
place
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Chloroplast
Centriole
• Aids in cell division
• Usually found only in
animal cells
• Made of microtubules
Cellular Anatomy
Quick Review
• Which organelle is the control center of the cell?
Nucleus
• Which organelle holds the cell together?
Cell membrane
• Which organelles are not found in animal cells?
Cell wall, central vacuole, chloroplasts
• Which organelle helps plant cells make food?
Chloroplasts
• What does E.R. stand for?
Endoplasmic reticulum
Quick Review
• Which organelle is the control center of the cell?
Nucleus
• Which organelle holds the cell together?
Cell membrane
• Which organelles are not found in animal cells?
Cell wall, central vacuole, chloroplasts
• Which organelle helps plant cells make food?
Chloroplasts
• What does E.R. stand for?
Endoplasmic reticulum
