ETHICS

MEANING OF ETHICS

Ethics is derived from the word ethos which is means

“characteristic way of acting”. Its Latin equivalent is mos,
mores, meaning “tradition or custom”. Ethos includes
cultural mannerism, religion, politics, laws, and social
aspirations of a group of people. Ethos refers to those
characteristics’ belongings to a man as a rational being,
endowed with intellect and free-will.
 The Ethos of man as man is
revealed in the following;
• He is able to distinguish between good and
evil, right and wrong, moral and immoral;
• He feels within himself an obligation to what is
good and to avoid what is evil;
• He feels himself accountable for his actions,
expecting reward or punishment for them.
 01
Importance of
Ethics because:
 Importance of Ethics
•
because
It satisfies basic human needs: being fair, honest, and ethical is one of the basic human
needs. Every employee desire to be such himself and to work for an organization that is fair and
ethical in its practices.

• It creates credibility: An organization that is believed to be driven by moral values is respected

in the society even by those who may have no information about the working and the business or
an organization.

• It unites people and leaders: An organization driven by values is revered by its employees
also.

• It improves decision- making: A man’s destiny is the sum total of all the decisions that he
takes in the course of his life.

• It brings long term gains: Organizations guided by ethics and values are profitable in the long
run, though in the short run they may seem to lose money.

• It secures the society: Often ethics succeeds because there is a law is safeguarding the society
Ethics is an indispensable. Without moral perception, man is only an animal. Without
morality, man as rational being is a failure. Because moral knowledge is too essential to be
dismissed, the Creator has seen it fit to gift man with natural insight of it. Moral integrity is the
only true measure of what man ought to be. The most powerful king, or the most successful
professional is nothing unless he too is morally upright.

Human Acts – are those actions performed by man, knowingly and freely. They are also called deliberate or
intentional actions, or, voluntary actions.

Morality – is the quality of human acts by which they are constituted as good, bad, or indifferent. That which
is good is describe as moral; that which is bad is immoral, and that which is indifferent is amoral.

Ethics as Value Education In contemporary curriculum, Ethics takes the form value education. A value is
something a person prizes, cherishes, and esteems as important to him. It includes ideas, things, or
experiences. The aim of value education is to guide the individual in choosing wisely his values and in acting
upon them

Ethics is the rational foundation of any attempt at value education. Ethics goes deeper into the reasons
why we must choose certain values. Ethics explain human values in relation to the ultimate purpose of
human existence.
The Art of Correct Living
Art, in general, is the appreciation of beauty. It implies order and harmony of parts in
given whole. Human life does not imply merely physical survival. It is a vocation
towards the refinement of the spirit. The demands of daily life include and derive
meaning from the cultivation of those traits that truly reflect man’s innate dignity. In
this context. Ethics is an art. It is the breadth of life, pulsating with the desire for
growth and development. It is a master plan indicating where man must go and
what he ought to do in order to live well. In a sense, every man is an artist, creating
something of beauty out of his self.

Ethics and Religion

Ethics is a science and depends upon rational investigation of its truths. Religion is a
system of beliefs and practices based on faith or revelation. Ethics teaches the value
of religion, on the other hand, as an organized church, contributes to the teaching of
ethics as continues to enrich with its moral insights. Thus religion provides both the
direction and motivation for the moral life of people.
Ethics and Law
Ethics studies human motivation. It goes deeper the study of external actions; it explores thought
and feelings It requires that man desires that which is good and act in accordance with that
desire. On the contrary, law requires that we perform the required action regardless of our feeling
towards such action. The law is concerned with the externality of the act. For law is definitely
concerned.

Professional Ethics The practice of a profession cannot be regulated entirely by legislation. Each profession
therefore subscribes to a set of moral code. This Code of Ethics guides the actuation of a professional where
the law is silent or inadequate. A Code of Ethics implies that, before anything else, a professional is a person
who has the obligation to listen to the ―dictates of reason‖ example for this- do realize that ―honest business
translates to good business‖.

Employee Ethics Ethics behavior among workers in an organization ensures that employees complete work
with honesty and integrity. Employees who use ethics to guide their behavior adhere to employee policies and
rules while striving to meet the goals of their organization. Ethical employees also meet standard for quality in
their work, which can enhance the company’s reputation for quality products and services.

Ethical Organization Culture Leaders and employees adhering to a code of ethics create an ethical
organizational culture. The leaders of bushiness organizations may create an ethical culture by exhibiting the
type of behavior they would like to see in their employees. The organization can reinforce ethical behavior by
rewarding employees who exhibit the values and integrity that coincide that coincide s with the company’s
code of ethics and discipline those who make the wrong choices.
 QUESTIO
02
N
Why Should
Students Study
Ethics?
 Accdg. To Christopher Panza and Adam
Potthast there are 5 reasons why
students should study ethics.

1. Ethics allow you to live an authentic and meaningful

life.

2. Ethics makes you more successful

3. Ethics allow you to cultivate inner place.

4. Ethics provides for a stable society

5. Ethics may help out in the afterlife.

EXERCISE Answer the following
#1 briefly:
#1 #2 #3 #4

10 10 10 10
Points Points Points Points
Why is man a Philosopher refer What do you Differentiate
moral animal? to ethics as: the expect to learn between ethical
only necessary from ethics? norms and law
knowledge
“Explain why?
02 RULES
 Meaning and Importance

Rules are defined in several ways:

1. Rules are instruction that tell you what you are allowed to do and what you are not
allowed to do.
2. A Rule is s statement telling people what they should do in order to achieve success or a
benefit of some kind
3. Rules are statement that describe the way things usually happen in a particular situation.
4. Rule tells you the normal state of affairs.
5. Rules influence or restrict actions in a way that is not good for a person.
6. Rules tell us something that is true or should happen and then the authority has officially
decided that it is true.
7. Rules are principles or regulations governing conduct, action, procedure, arrangement,
etc.
 Important of Rules

 Prudent laws are the foundations of a nation because they define the
parameters of civil society. If law become elastic, the boundaries
become dysfunctional.
 Laws organize our lives. We are able to deal and live together because
of rules and laws.
 Rules get as get along together and show respect to each other. If there
are no rules to follow, everyone is free to do whatever he wants
 Most things we do are governed by rules. Imagine if a student ignores
the rule against talking a class, the teacher will not be able to achieve
her goal and other students cannot concentrate. Drivers who disobey
traffic rules can cause serious accident.
 Important of
Rules
 Rules organize the relations between individuals and between societies
to make it clear to them what is right or wrong. They are designed to
ensure fairness, safety and respect for each other’s rights.
 Rules make the world a peaceful place to live.
 Rules are needed to our community because they serve as
balances between laws and rights. If there are more laws than
rights, there is more chance that people will revolt because of the
lack of their rights. On the other hand, If there are more rights
than laws, the people will go out of control and become abusive.
Thus, laws are needed for regulation between laws and rights.
Difference between
Moral and Non-
Moral Standard
 Moral
Standard
 are those moral actions which are within the moral sphere and are
thus objects of moral judgments
 A society’s judgements on what is proper, reasonable, or acceptable is
based on it’s values

EXAMPLES:
1. Absolute moral principles - Don't kill, speak the truth, respect others'
property, and treat others in need with compassion
2. Moral values - Respect, honesty, compassion, hard work, kindness,
gratitude, sharing, and cooperation
3. Moral norms - Forbidding murder, rape, and torture, norms of truth-
telling and promise-keeping, and norms of beneficence
 NON-Moral
Standard
 are those actions devoid of moral quality and thus excluded from the
scope of moral judgment.
 rules or expectations that guide behavior without considering ethical
or moral implications.
 Non-moral standards are guidelines or principles that are not related to
moral judgments or ethical principles.

EXAMPLES:
• Spilling milk and Deciding what clothes to wear
• In contrast, moral standards are about right or wrong. Examples of
morally wrong acts include: murder, theft, rape, lying, and breaking
promises.
 QUESTIO
N
What does the
word "moral"
mean?
MORAL

 (rightness or wrongness, goodness or badness) is present,

that is what is either right or wrong. In a narrower sense,
moral means what is right or morally good and this is
opposed to immoral, that is- wrong is morally bad.

 An instinctive action in one in which an individual feels

himself impelled without knowing the end to be
accomplished yet with the ability to select the methods for
the attainment of an object.
Instinctive tendencies are found most explicit in lower
animals and are expressed in the activities displayed by them
in seeking food. Examples:‖
 Actions of animals and insect
 Grazing of a cow
 Mourning of a dog or cat
 Action of young children and insane and idiots
 Actions done under compulsion
 Actions under the spell of hypnotic forces

These actions are not morally wrong, they are not moral
actions, they are incapable of discriminating between right or
wrong.
 Moral Dilemma
Moral refers to our standards for judging right and
wrong. A Moral Dilemma is a situation where:
 You are presented with two or more action, all of
which you have the ability to perform.
 There are moral reasons for you to choose each of the
actions. 3. You cannot perform all of the actions and
have to choose which action, or action when there are
three or more choices to perform
Three Levels
of Moral
Dilemma
INDIVIDUAL
 a is experienced by individuals
who have a hard time to choose
the right action from two or
more actions.
 No matter what choice, the
individual has someone or
something will suffer no matter
choice the individual makes.
 a circumstance when a person,
especially where morality is
involved, must make a tough
decision between two or more
equally terrible options
 ORGANIZATION
 a scenario involving decision-making at
work where neither choice is morally
acceptable and there is no obvious
correct response
 administrative decisions are
characterized as having routines, and
challenges. In business,
organizations, there are always
dilemmas encountered by the
administrator and the employees. It
is really very hard to pin down the
necessary moral to benefit the
company. Guiding institutionalization
and nurturing conflict are both
viewed as useful in moral leadership
within organizations.
 SYSTEMATIC
 occurs in the ordinary conditions of
life. Why do dilemmas occur in
ordinary everyday life? Some,
however, may not seem to be
dilemmas at all but an ordinary
ethical problem. Also, while it is
common in a modern ethics to
address dilemma merely to propose
theories to resolve, it must be
remembered that systemic dilemmas
may betray a structure to ethics that
means they cannot be resolved
 a systematic counseling procedure for
resolving conflicts or a systematic
approach to analyzing and resolving
ethical dilemmas
EXERCISE Give a listing of rules in the
following:
#2
#1 #2 #3 #4

10 10 10 10
Points Points Points Points
Rules in your Rules in the What rules do you Rules in your
house school (where you find constricting brangay/
are enrolled) in your school? In community
your house?
 THE END
THANK YOU SO
MUCH

Please keep this slide for attribution