Gaseous Fuel
• Gaseous fuels are obtained either naturally or by the treatment of solid or
liquid fuel.
• Gaseous fuels have lower energy content than liquid fuels such as, petrol or
diesel. However very low greenhouse gas upon burning
• The classification of gaseous fuel is based on
• Wobbe number: an indication of the interchangeability of the gases
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𝐖𝐨𝐛𝐛𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐱 =
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• Weaver flame speed factor (related with propensity of the gas to react): It is defined
as the ratio of the laminar flame speed of the gas of interest with that of hydrogen.
The lower is the number the lower the flame speed.
Natural gas a mixture of methane, ethane, propane, butane,
pentane and a small amount of C5+ hydrocarbons
• The natural gas containing high amount of hydrogen
sulphide is termed as sour gas and that contains low
amount of hydrogen sulphide is termed as sweet gas.
• dry or lean - high methane content (less condensate)
• wet - high concentration of higher hydrocarbons (C5 -
C10)
• Calorific value in the range of 8400 to 9100 Kcal/Nm3.
Classification of natural gas
• Non-associated gas, which is not in contact with oil in the reservoir.
• Gas-cap associated gas, which is overlying the oil phase in the reservoir.
• Associated gas which is dissolved in the oil at the reservoir condition (solution
gas).
• Gas-oil ratio (GOR) is the ratio of the volume of gas to the volume of oil at normal or
standard conditions of temperature and pressure. It determines the amount of gas
dissolved in oil in reservoir. This ratio varies from a few fractions of a cubic meter to
more than 150 cm3 of associated gas per m3 of oil.
Forms of natural gas
• CNG (compressed natural gas)
• LNG (liquefied natural gas) (cooled to -160°C):
• colorless and volatile hydrocarbon gas
• to detect its leakage odourous mercaptan or thioether derivatives mixed with
LPG
• constituents of LPG: propane, propylene, butane, butylene, with a small
amount of pentane and pentylene, as well as a little amount of sulfide
impurities
• less pollution, very high calorific value, ease of transportation by roadways
(tankers) and waterways (vessels)
• It is free of smoke, dust and carbon residue
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Unconventional Natural Gas
• Shale gas: trapped in fine-grained
sedimentary rock like a shale structure.
• Tight gas: trapped under a relatively
permeable rock like limestone or sandy
stone with a very low permeability
• Coal bed methane: trapped in a coal
seams, adsorbed in the solid matrix of
the coal.
• Gas hydrate: the gas molecules are in
the form of a crystalline structure where
a small gas molecule stabilizes the water
molecule. Gas hydrate
World Shale Resource 2013
Top countries with technically recoverable shale gas resources
India 2020: The estimated CBM resources are of the order of 2,600 Billion Cubic Metres (BCM)
