.

Questioned Document
Examination
DOCUMENT

Etymology:

Comes from a Latin word "documentum" means a

lesson.

Definition;
 Is any material that contains a mark symbol or
sign, visible, partially visible or invisible that may
presently or ultimately convey a meaning or a message
to someone.

 It is any written statement by which a right is

established or an obligation extinguished. (People vs.
Moreno, C.A., 38 O.G. 119)
Legal Classification of Documents:

1. Public Document
Is a document created, executed or issued by a
public official in response to the exigencies of the
public service, or in the execution of which a public
official intervened.
- Is any instrument authorized by a notary public or
a competent public official, with the solemnities
required by law

2. Official Document
Is a document which is issued by a public official in
the exercise of the functions of his office. (An official
document is also a public document as a larger
classification)
 3. Private Document
A deed or instrument executed by a private person
without the intervention of a notary public or other
person legally authorized, by which documents, some
disposition or agreement is proved, evidenced or set
forth.

4. Commercial Document
Is any document defined and regulated by the Code of
Commerce
Proof of authenticity

Revised Rules on evidence(rules of court) Rule 132 Sec. 19.

Classes of document- for purposes of presentation of evidence,

documents are either public or private.

Public documents are:

a. The written official acts, or records of the official, acts of

sovereign authority, official bodies and tribunals, and public
officers, whether of the Philippines or of foreign country:

b. Documents acknowledge before a notary public except last

wills and testaments.

c. Public records kept in the Philippines, or private documents

required by law to be entered therein.
All other writings are private."

Sec. 20. Proof of private documents. Before any private

document offered as authentic is received in evidence, its due
execution and authenticity must be proved either;

a. By anyone who saw the document executed or written; or

b. By evidence of the genuineness of the signature or
handwriting of the maker..

Sec. 21. When evidence of authenticity of private documents not

necessary. Where a private document is more than thirty years
old, is produce from a custody in which it naturally found if
genuine, and is unblemished by any alterations or circumstances
of suspicion, no other evidence of its authenticity need to be
given.
Ancient Document

Deeds, wills, and other writings more than thirty years

old are so called; they are presumed to be genuine
without express proof, when coming from the proper
custody. (Black's Law Dictionary)
Two Categories of Document

A. Standard Document. Document in which the origin is

known can be proven and can legally be used as
sample to compare with other things in questioned.

Standard documents are compact and condense set of

authentic specimens, which, if adequate and proper,
should contain a true of correction of the material from a
known source

Also known as the basis of comparison in handwriting

examination

A type, model, or combination of elements accepted as

correct or perfect (Black's Law Dictionary)
Types of Standards

1.Collected or procured standard

Standard specimens obtain from a file of document, executed in

person's day to day business, official, social, or personal activities

Pointers to be considered in obtaining procured/ collected

standard:

1. Similarity of the subject matter

2. Relative dates between questioned document and standard to
be obtained Standard must be contemporaneous; standard must
be not more than 5 years prior or after the date of questioned
document
3. Amount of writing standard
4. Writing condition
2. Requested/Dictated (Post litem motam std.)

Are those which are given or made upon request for purposes
of making a comparative examination with the request writing.

Pointers to be considered in obtaining requested standard:

1. Dictate to the writer, never allow the writer to see the

content of questioned document
2. Dictation must be at least 3 times
3. Dictation must have an interval
4. Observed the same writing instrument and paper used
5. Observed the good writing condition
B. Questioned Document

Is a document that is questioned because of its origin, its

contents, or the circumstances regarding its production
arousing serious suspicion as to its genuineness or it may
adversely scrutinized simple because it displeases someone.

Classes of Questioned Documents:

1. Document with questioned Signature Signature shall refer to

the name of person written by himself on a document as a sign
of acknowledgement.

2. Document containing fraudulent alteration Alteration refers to

a process of making some changes on a document either
addition or deletion after original preparation.
3. Holograph Document a document that is completely written and
signed by one person

Deed is a conveyance of realty

Will is an instrument by which a person makes a disposition of his
property, to take effect after his death, and by which by its own
nature is ambulatory and revocable during his lifetime.

The legal expression or declaration of a person's mind or wishes

as to the disposition of his property, to be performed or to take
effect after his death (Black's Law Dictionary)

4. Document questioned as to the material used in their

production.
5. Documents questioned as to their age or date.
6. Documents involving typewriting
7. Document which may identify a person through handwriting
8. Genuine documents erroneously or fraudulently attacked or
 Writing and Signature

Writing

Is the visible result of a very complicated series of acts,

being as a whole or a combination of certain forms
which are the very visible result of mental and
muscular habits acquired by long continued
painstaking effort.

Handwriting

Is a visible effect of bodily movement which is an

almost unconscious expression of fixed muscular
habits, reacting from fixed mental impression of certain
ideas associated with script form.
Development of writing.

1. Children learn writing by following the school copy

or model ;
2. After acquiring some degree of skill the children no
longer follow the school model;
3. As speed increases, conscious design and
regularity begins to breakdown; and
4. In the course of trial and error, modifications are
made; a. simplification, b. elaboration, c. addition, d.
omission are made or occurred.
Systern of Writing
Is the combination of the basic shape and designs of
letter and the writing movement which was taught in
school.

Copy book form

Is an illustration of the basic designs of letters that is
fundamental to the writing system.

Writing movement
Refers to factors relative to the motion of the pen such
as, pressure, rhythm, pen lifting, etc.
Four kinds of Writing Movement

1. Finger movement - involves the action of thumb, index, and

middle fingers in the formation of letters. Commonly use by
children or persons unfamiliar with the writing process. Use in
vertical writing. (Used by beginners).

2. Hand Movement - involves the action of the hand as a

whole and with fingers but playing a minor role. The wrist is
the center of lateral movement.

3. Forearm or muscular. Elbow is the center of lateral

movement. Can afford the greatest freedom of movement and
the most skillful type.

4. Whole arm movement. Shoulder is the center of lateral

movement. Is a writing without rest, use for big writings such
as blackboard/whiteboard illustrations
Writing Habits

Refers to any repeated elements of once handwriting

which serves as an identifying characteristic.

Significant Writing Habits

Elements of one's writing that are sufficiently unique

and well fixed to serve as a strong basis of
individuality.
Types of Handwritings

1.Cursive Writing - in which the letters are for the most part
joined together.

2. Handlettering - refers to writing characterized by a

disconnected style.

3. Natural Writing - a specimen of writing that is executed

normally and without any attempt of altering its usual writing
habits.

4. Disguised - a specimen of writing executed deliberately with

an attempt of changing its usual writing habits in the hope of
hiding one's identity.

5. Guided/assisted - a specimen of writing executed while the

writer's hand is at steadied. Usually employed by beginners in
writing.
Signature
A name of person signed by himself on a document
as a sign of acknowledgement.

Model signature
signature that is used as a prototype for a simulation
or copy, by manual electronic or other means.

Evidential Signature
Specimen signature which was executed date,
particular time and place, under a particular writer's
condition and for a particular purpose.
Classes of Signature

1. Formal or Complete- used to sign a very

important document.

2. Informal or Cursory Signature- used for routine

document.

3. Careless Scribble- used for not so important

document such as delivery of mail or receipt of purchase
equipment etc.
Forgery

Is an act of falsifying or counterfeiting any treasure or

bank notes, paper bills or any documents which are
payable to the bearer.

Is an act of simulating or tracing somebody's

signature without the latter's consent for profit.
Major types of Forgery

1. Simple forgery. Is a forged signature where no

attempt has been made to make a copy or facsimile
of the genuine writing of a person purported to sign
the document. Also known as spurious signature.

2. Simulated or Copied forgery. Is a forged signature

which resembles the genuine signature written in
free-hand. It is considered as the most skillful form of
forgery.

3. Traced Forgery. Is a forged signature which

closely resembles the genuine made by some tracing
process or outline form.
Methods of tracing

a. Carbon outline process - used of carbon paper.

b. Indention process - used of considerable pressure,

Canal- like process.

c. Projection or transmitted light process- used of

light from the back or bottom.

d. Laser method - used of hologram.

.
Is any material that contains a mark symbol or sign,
visible, partially visible or invisible that may presently
or ultimately convey a meaning or a message to
someone. It is any written statement by which a right
is established or an obligation extinguished.
a. documentum
b. Latin
c. document
d. nota
Is any material that contains a mark symbol or sign,
visible, partially visible or invisible that may presently
or ultimately convey a meaning or a message to
someone. It is any written statement by which a right
is established or an obligation extinguished.
a. documentum
b. Latin
c. document
d. nota
Is a document which is issued by a public official in
the exercise of the functions of his office.
a. Public Document
b. Official Document
c. Private Document
d. Commercial Document
Is a document which is issued by a public official in
the exercise of the functions of his office.
a. Public Document
b. Official Document
c. Private Document
d. Commercial Document
Deeds, wills, and other writings more than thirty
years old are so called; they are presumed to be
genuine without express proof, when coming from
the proper custody.
a. Public Document
b. Official Document
c. Private Document
d. Ancient Document
Deeds, wills, and other writings more than thirty
years old are so called; they are presumed to be
genuine without express proof, when coming from
the proper custody.
a. Public Document
b. Official Document
c. Private Document
d. Ancient Document
Document in which the origin is known can be proven
and can legally be used as sample to compare with
other things in questioned.
a. Standard Document
b. exemplar
c. Questioned Document
d. both a and b
Document in which the origin is known can be proven
and can legally be used as sample to compare with
other things in questioned.
a. Standard Document
b. exemplar
c. Questioned Document
d. both a and b
Standard specimens obtain from a file of document,
executed in person's day to day business, official,
social, or personal activities.
a. Questioned Document
b. Collected standard
c. Requested standard
d. nota
Standard specimens obtain from a file of document,
executed in person's day to day business, official,
social, or personal activities.
a. Questioned Document
b. Collected standard
c. Requested standard
d. nota
Are those which are given or made upon request for
purposes of making a comparative examination with
the request writing.
a. Questioned Document
b. Collected standard
c. Dictated standard
d. Procured Standard
Are those which are given or made upon request for
purposes of making a comparative examination with
the request writing.
a. Questioned Document
b. Collected standard
c. Dictated standard
d. Procured Standard
Is a document that is questioned because of its
origin, its contents, or the circumstances regarding its
production arousing serious suspicion as to its
genuineness or it may adversely scrutinized simple
because it displeases someone.
a. Standard Document
b. exemplar
c. Questioned Document
d. both a and b
Is a document that is questioned because of its
origin, its contents, or the circumstances regarding its
production arousing serious suspicion as to its
genuineness or it may adversely scrutinized simple
because it displeases someone.
a. Standard Document
b. exemplar
c. Questioned Document
d. both a and b
Among the following are Classes of Questioned
Documents except?
a. Document with questioned Signature
b. Document containing fraudulent alteration
c. Holograph Document
d. Ancient Document
Among the following are Classes of Questioned
Documents except?
a. Document with questioned Signature
b. Document containing fraudulent alteration
c. Holograph Document
d. Ancient Document
Is a visible effect of bodily movement which is an
almost unconscious expression of fixed muscular
habits, reacting from fixed mental impression of
certain ideas associated with script form.
a. Writing
b. Handwriting
c. Systern of Writing
d. Copy book form
e. Writing movement
Is a visible effect of bodily movement which is an
almost unconscious expression of fixed muscular
habits, reacting from fixed mental impression of
certain ideas associated with script form.
a. Writing
b. Handwriting
c. Systern of Writing
d. Copy book form
e. Writing movement
A kind of Writing Movement. Elbow is the center of
lateral movement. Can afford the greatest freedom of
movement and the most skillful type.
a. Finger movement
b. Hand Movement
c. Forearm movement
d. Whole arm movement
A kind of Writing Movement. Elbow is the center of
lateral movement. Can afford the greatest freedom of
movement and the most skillful type.
a. Finger movement
b. Hand Movement
c. Forearm movement
d. Whole arm movement
Elements of one's writing that are sufficiently unique
and well fixed to serve as a strong basis of
individuality.
a. Writing Habits
b. Significant Writing Habits
c. Writing movement
d. Copy book form
Elements of one's writing that are sufficiently unique
and well fixed to serve as a strong basis of
individuality.
a. Writing Habits
b. Significant Writing Habits
c. Writing movement
d. Copy book form
A specimen of writing that is executed normally and
without any attempt of altering its usual writing
habits.
a. Cursive Writing
b. Handlettering
c. Natural Writing
d. Disguised
e. Guided/assisted
A specimen of writing that is executed normally and
without any attempt of altering its usual writing
habits.
a. Cursive Writing
b. Handlettering
c. Natural Writing
d. Disguised
e. Guided/assisted
A name of person signed by himself on a document
as a sign of acknowledgement.
a. Signature
b. Model Signature
c. Evidential Signature
d. aota
A name of person signed by himself on a document
as a sign of acknowledgement.
a. Signature
b. Model Signature
c. Evidential Signature
d. aota
Classes of signature used to sign a very important
document.
a. Formal or Complete
b. Informal or Cursory Signature
c. Careless Scribble
d. aota
Classes of signature used to sign a very important
document.
a. Formal or Complete
b. Informal or Cursory Signature
c. Careless Scribble
d. aota
Types of forgery, is a forged signature which
resembles the genuine signature written in free-hand.
It is considered as the most skillful form of forgery.
a. Simple forgery
b. Simulated or Copied forgery
c. Traced Forgery
d. nota
Types of forgery, is a forged signature which
resembles the genuine signature written in free-hand.
It is considered as the most skillful form of forgery.
a. Simple forgery
b. Simulated or Copied forgery
c. Traced Forgery
d. nota
Methods of tracing , used of light from the back or
bottom.
a. Carbon outline process
b. Indention process
c. Projection or transmitted light process
d. Laser method
Methods of tracing , used of light from the back or
bottom.
a. Carbon outline process
b. Indention process
c. Projection or transmitted light process
d. Laser method
CHARACTERISTICS IN WRITING:

Characteristics, definition:
It refers to any property, marks or elements which
distinguish. Also referred to as identifying details.

Types of characteristics:

1. Class Characteristics. Characteristics or properties

which are common or which can be found in the
specimen writing of other person.

2. Individual Characteristics. Characteristics which

are highly personal or peculiar. That which is unlikely
to occur in other's handwriting.
Elements of Forms in Writing:

1. Arc - the rounded inner part of an upper curve, bend or crook.

2. Beard - is an introductory up and down strokes found in some

capital letters. Also sometimes called as double hitch.

3. Blunt - is a part of a stroke characterized by a abrupt

beginning or end at which the pen does not creates a diminishing
strokes.

4. Buckle Knot - is a horizontal or loop strokes used to complete

letters A, H, F and D.

5. Central Part - is the body of the letter, Characterized by a

small rounded or circular stroke.

6. Eyelet/ eyeloop - refers to small oblong strokes.

8. Humps - is the outer portion of an upper curve bend or
crook, (see arc)

9. Knob - is a tiny pool of an ink at the beginning or ending

strokes.

10. Loop - is an oblong strokes.

12. Stem/shank/staff - is considered as the backbone of the

letter characterized by a long downward strokes.

13. Initial/terminal Spur - a long running initial of terminal

strokes.

14. Trough - refers to any garland form of a letter strokes.

15. Whirl - is the lone upward strokes usually found opposite

the stem.
Embellishments
 Is an added strokes that serves as an ornamental or
flourish to the design of the letters. They considered
unnecessary to the legibility of the writing.

Writing Movement
 Refers to all factors relative to the motion of the pen.

Line Quality
➤ Are the visible records in the written strokes of the basic
movements and manner of holding instrument. It is derived
from a combination of factors, including writing skill, speed,
and rhythm, freedom of movement, shading and pen
emphasis.
Elements of Writing Movement

1. Pen pressure - is the average or usual pressure applied in.

2. Pen Emphasis - is the act of intermittently forcing the pen

against the papersurface with an increase in speed.

3. Rhythm - is the harmonious or balance recurrence of

strokes or impulses.

4. Skills - refers to the degree of writer's proficiency in writing .

5. Speed - cannot be measured precisely from the finished -

handwriting but it can be interpreted in broad term as to either
fast, slow or moderates
6. Pen-lift - an Interruptionis strokes caused by sudden removal
of the writing instrument from the paper surface.

7. Shading - refers to the more obvious increase in the width of

the letter strokes .

8. Pen Position - is the relative location of the pen in relation? to

the paper surfaces.

9. Pen scope - represents the reach of the hand with the wrist at
rest.

10. Retracing or retraced - is the strokes which goes back rover

another writing strokes that is slightly to occur in other's writings.

11.Retouching or patching - is a stroke which goes back over a

defective portion of a writing to repair or correct an error
Factors that affects writing characteristics:

1. Natural Variations - is the usual or normal

deviation found in a repeated specimen of an
individual's handwriting or in the product of any
typewriter.

2. Transitory Change - are meant to those changes

which - only continue to exist while the basic cause
of the deterioration is still affecting the writer, once
the such cause has been removed from the writer,
the writing will reverts in its normal form.
3. Tremor is the weakening of the strokes characterized by - a
wavering or shaky strokes.

Genuine Tremor
a.1. Weakness of sickness
a.2 Old age
a.3. Illiteracy (lack of skills) Tremor of Fraud.

4. Writing Conditions - refers to all factors affecting the over-

all quality of writing such as the writer's condition under which
the writing was prepared.

5. Writing instrument
Ball point pen
Fountain pen (Lewis Watterman)
Fiber pen
Miscellaneous Document Problem

1. Detection of Alteration
Alteration refers to any form of changes either an addition or a
deletion to the original content of the document which is not a
part of its original preparation.

2. Decipherment of Erased Writings

Erasure - refers to removal of a writings or any part of
adocument either by mechanical or chemical process.

Mechanical Erasure - done by means of abrasive method

through rubbing or scrapping.

Chemical Erasure - done with the aid or use of bleaching agent

called ink eradicator.

Usually examined with the aid or fuming, transmitted light,

oblique light and ultra-violet light examination.
3. Decipherment of Obliterated writing
Obliteration is the process of smearing over an original writing
to make it undecipherable or illegible. Done with the used of
superimposing inks. Usually examined with the used of Infra-
red light

4. Examination of Charred Document and water soaked

document
Charred Document - refers to partly burned or brittle
document. Decipherment is usually accomplished with the
used of infra-red light examination.
5. Development of Invisible writing
Invisible writing - writing that has no readily visible ink strokes.
Made by Sympathetic inks such as acids, juice and others.
They are possible of development depending on the ink used.
Methods of development can be by heat. Water, chemical
fuming or by ultra-violet light process.

6. Decipherment of Contract writing

Contact writing - refers to partially visible ink strokes cause by
sudden contact between a sheet of paper with another paper
containing fresh ink. Can be enhanced through fuming or
ultra-violet light process.
Characteristics or properties which are common
or which can be found in the specimen writing of
other person.
a. Class Characteristics
b. Individual Characteristics
c. Peculiar Characteristics
d. aota
Characteristics or properties which are common
or which can be found in the specimen writing of
other person.
a. Class Characteristics
b. Individual Characteristics
c. Peculiar Characteristics
d. aota
Is an added strokes that serves as an
ornamental or flourish to the design of the
letters. They considered unnecessary to the
legibility of the writing.
a. Embellishments
b. Writing Movement
c. Line Quality
d. nota
Is an added strokes that serves as an
ornamental or flourish to the design of the
letters. They considered unnecessary to the
legibility of the writing.
a. Embellishments
b. Writing Movement
c. Line Quality
d. nota
Is the average or usual pressure applied in.
a. Pen pressure
b. Pen Emphasis
c. Rhythm
d. Skills
Is the average or usual pressure applied in.
a. Pen pressure
b. Pen Emphasis
c. Rhythm
d. Skills
An Interruption is strokes caused by sudden
removal of the writing instrument from the
paper surface.
a. Pen scope
b. Pen Position
c. Shading
d. Pen-lift
An Interruption is strokes caused by sudden
removal of the writing instrument from the
paper surface.
a. Pen scope
b. Pen Position
c. Shading
d. Pen-lift
Is the strokes which goes back over another
writing strokes that is slightly to occur in
other's writings.
a. Retracing
b. Speed
c. Retouching
d. patching
Is the strokes which goes back over another
writing strokes that is slightly to occur in
other's writings.
a. Retracing
b. Speed
c. Retouching
d. patching
Is the usual or normal deviation found in a
repeated specimen of an individual's
handwriting or in the product of any typewriter.

a. Natural Variations
b. Transitory Change
c. Tremor
d. Writing Conditions
e. Writing instrument
Is the usual or normal deviation found in a
repeated specimen of an individual's
handwriting or in the product of any typewriter.

a. Natural Variations
b. Transitory Change
c. Tremor
d. Writing Conditions
e. Writing instrument
Refers to any form of changes either an
addition or a deletion to the original content of
the document which is not a part of its original
preparation.
a. Obliteration
b. Charred Document
c. Invisible writing
d. Contact writing
d. Alteration
Refers to any form of changes either an
addition or a deletion to the original content of
the document which is not a part of its original
preparation.
a. Obliteration
b. Charred Document
c. Invisible writing
d. Contact writing
d. Alteration
Refers to removal of a writings or any part of a
document either by mechanical or chemical
process.
a. Erasure
b. Mechanical Erasure
c. Chemical Erasure
d. nota
Refers to removal of a writings or any part of a
document either by mechanical or chemical
process.
a. Erasure
b. Mechanical Erasure
c. Chemical Erasure
d. nota
Is the process of smearing over an original
writing to make it undecipherable or illegible.
Done with the used of superimposing inks.
Usually examined with the used of Infra-red
light.
a. Obliteration
b. Charred Document
c. Invisible writing
d. Contact writing
d. Alteration
Is the process of smearing over an original
writing to make it undecipherable or illegible.
Done with the used of superimposing inks.
Usually examined with the used of Infra-red
light.
a. Obliteration
b. Charred Document
c. Invisible writing
d. Contact writing
d. Alteration
Refers to partly burned or brittle document.
Decipherment is usually accomplished with the
used of infra-red light examination.
a. Obliteration
b. Charred Document
c. Invisible writing
d. Contact writing
d. Alteration
Refers to partly burned or brittle document.
Decipherment is usually accomplished with the
used of infra-red light examination.
a. Obliteration
b. Charred Document
c. Invisible writing
d. Contact writing
d. Alteration
Writing that has no readily visible ink strokes.
Made by Sympathetic inks such as acids, juice
and others. They are possible of development
depending on the ink used. Methods of
development can be by heat. Water, chemical
fuming or by ultra-violet light process.
a. Obliteration
b. Charred Document
c. Invisible writing
d. Contact writing
d. Alteration
Writing that has no readily visible ink strokes.
Made by Sympathetic inks such as acids, juice
and others. They are possible of development
depending on the ink used. Methods of
development can be by heat. Water, chemical
fuming or by ultra-violet light process.
a. Obliteration
b. Charred Document
c. Invisible writing
d. Contact writing
d. Alteration
Refers to partially visible ink strokes cause by
sudden contact between a sheet of paper with
another paper containing fresh ink. Can be
enhanced through fuming or ultra-violet light
process.
a. Obliteration
b. Charred Document
c. Invisible writing
d. Contact writing
d. Alteration
Refers to partially visible ink strokes cause by
sudden contact between a sheet of paper with
another paper containing fresh ink. Can be
enhanced through fuming or ultra-violet light
process.
a. Obliteration
b. Charred Document
c. Invisible writing
d. Contact writing
d. Alteration
EXAMINATION OF TYPEWRITING

Definition of Terms:

1. Typeface - is the printing surface of the type block

in a conventional typewriter. In electric typewriter it is
the printing surface of the rotating head sphere.

2. Typeface defect - any form of peculiarity of the

type printing caused by actual damage to the
typeface metal or which maybe an abnormality in its
printing condition.

3. Characters - in connection to typewriting, it is used

to include letters, symbols, numerals punctuation. or
points of punctuation.
4. Pica typeface - type face impression ordinarily
spaced ten (10) characters to the horizontal inch.

5. Elite typeface - impression ordinarily spaced

twelve (12) characters to the horizontal inch.

6. Proportional spacing machine - a typewriter with a

type letter spacing similar to the type spacing of
conventional printed in which all letters are allotted
horizontal in conformity with their relative widths.
7. Transitory Defects - is an identifying typewriter
characteristics which can be eliminated by simply
cleaning the machine or replacing the ribbon.

8. Permanent Defects - any identifying typewriting

characteristics of the type face which cannot be
corrected by simply cleaning the machine or
replacing the ribbon.

9. Mal alignment or alignment defects - refers to

defect in the printing condition of the type character
in which the letters are printed either at the top or
bottom, left or right of inclined from its proper
position.
Principal technique utilized in typewriting
identification

1. Measure the type face pitch

2. Verify the type size and design
3. Look for individual type face defects
Typeface Defects

1. Vertical mal alignment - a character printing above or below of

its proper position.

2. Horizontal mal alignment - an alignment defect in which the

characters are printed to the left or right of its proper position.

3. Twisted letters - letters and characters are designed to be

printed at a certain angle to the baseline. Once letters leans to
the left or right of its proper position such is called twisted letters.

4. Off-its-feet - is a condition of the type face printing at which

then character outline is not equally printed, that is then printing
is heavier in one side than the remainder of thenoutline of the
character.
5. Rebound - typeface defect in which a character prints a
double impression with the lighter one slightly off-set to the
right or left.

6. Actual breakage - any peculiarity of typewriting caused by

actual damage to the type face metal.

7. Clogged type face (dirty) - is a typeface defects

characterized by dirty prints due to constant used without
cleaning of the type bar or due to use of new carbon. These
are common in closed letter outline such as o, a, p. g etc.
Definition of terms

1. Document examiner - one who studies scientifically the

details and elements of documents in order to identify their
source, or to discover other facts concerning them. This term
is often connected to the term Handwriting identification
experts, however, nowadays the work has outgrown this latter
title and involves other problem that merely the examination of
writing

2. Expert witness - this term described a witness who by

reason of his special technical training or experience is
permitted to express opinion regarding the issue, or a certain
aspects of the issue, that is involved in legal proceedings. His
purpose in court is to interpret technical information in his
particular specially in order to assist the court in administering
justice. A document examiner can testify in court as expert
witness.
3. Graphology the art of attempting the character or
personality of an individual from his handwriting.

4. Examination - is the act of making a close and

critical study of any material, and with questioned
documents, is the process necessary to discover facts
about them.

5. Comparison - is the act of setting two or more

items side by side to weigh their identifying
qualities.

6. Collation - means critical comparison or side-by-

side examination.
7. Infrared examination - infrared examination employs
invisible radiation beyond the red portion of the visible
spectrum that is usually recorded on specially
sensitized photographic emulsion. This infrared or
sometimes referred to as heat rays, can also be
converted to visible light by electronic viewing
equipment which to date has had limited used in
questioned document work.

8. Ultraviolet examination - UV radiation is invisible and

occurs in the wavelengths just below the visible blue-
violet of the visible spectrum. These invisible rays react
on some substances so that visible light is reflected, a
phenomenon known as fluorescence.
9. Microscopic examination - ay examination that is
made with the microscope in order to discover minute
physical details of an object or specimen.

10. Oblique or sidelight examinations - an

examination with the illumination so controlled that it
grazes or strikes the surface of the document from
one side at a very low angle.

11. Transmitted light examination - an examination in

which the document is viewed with the source of
illumination behind it and the light passing though the
paper.
12. Counterfeit - an imitation of something genuine
with intent to defraud usually in the form of bank
notes and coins.

13. Pen failure - an interruption in a stroke caused by

the failure of the ink of the writing instrument to
register on the surface of the paper.

14. Erasure - the removal of writings, typewriting, or

printing from a document. It may be accomplished by
two means: A chemical agents and abrasive erasure.

15. Ink eradicator - consist of chemical solutions

which are capable of bleaching an ink.
16. Obliteration - the blotting out or smearing over of
writing: to make the original invisible or
undecipherable. It is seldom used for fraudulent
purposes because of its obviousness. Covering or
smearing over the original writing with an opaque
substance often accomplishes smeared-over writing.

17. Decipherment - the process of making out what is

illegible or what has been effaced.

18. Restoration - describes any process in which

erased writing is developed or brought out again on
the document itself.
19. Insertion or interlineations - Includes the addition
of writing and other materials between the lines or
paragraphs or the addition of whole pages to a
document.

20. Addition - any matter made a part of a document

after its original preparation.

21. Altered document - a document containing some

changes either by addition or deletion.

22. Blank papers - a sheet of paper that contains no

visible or readily visible writing.
23. Secret inks - a material used for writing which is
not visible until treated by some developing process
or substance.

24. Writing impressions - are small writing indentions

completely devoid of any pigment. They may be
young on a sheet of a tablet paper that may be
immediately below the one Ion which writing was
done, or they remain after pencil or typewriting has
been erased.

25. Writing offsets - result from a paper coming in

contac with fresh inks writing. They may be the mirror
of the entir words or sentences.
26. Pen - a writing instrument used to apply inks to
the paper

27. Ball point pen - a writing instrument which has its

marking tip a small freely rotating ball bearing which
rolls the ink on to the paper.

28. Agraphia - a mental disease in which an

individual loses his ability to write although he could
still grasp the writing instrument.
29. Carbon outlined process - a carbon paper is
interleaves - between the genuine document
containing a signature and the document intended to
be forged. The outline of the genuine signature is
traced with a dry pen or any pointed instrument to
make the carbon offset on fraudulent document. The
carbon outlined is then traced with an ink to make
appear as if it is a genuine signature.

30. Indention process - It is similar with the carbon

outlined process except that the carbon paper was
not used. The forger traces the genuine signature
using sufficient pressure with the aid of a dry pen
stylus or any pointed instruments. The depression or
indented signature is thereafter over written with an
ink to finish the forgery.
31. Projection or transmitted light process - in this
type, the fraudulent document is on top of the
document containing the genuine signature, using a
transmitted light gadget, a strong source of light will
strike either from the back or bottom of the two
documents which superimposed the outline of the
genuine signature.

32. Microphotograph - is a microscopically small

photograph.

33. Photomicrograph - is a magnified photograph of a

small object produced by connecting a camera with
the ocular of a compound microscope.
34. Photomacrograph - is a magnified picture of a
small object obtained without the used of a
microscope but by means of a short focus lens and
bellows extensions of greater than twice the focal
length of the lens

35. Graphometry - analysis of handwriting by means

of - comparison and measurement.

36. Indented writings - a term applied to the partially

visible depressions appearing on a sheet of paper
underneath the one on which the visible writing
appears. It may also occur after pencil or typewriting
has been erased
37. Hesitation - this term applies to the irregular
thickening that is found when the writing slows down
or stops while a penman takes stock of the position.

38. Line quality - this refers to the condition of the

line itself.

39. Good line quality - it is characterized by

smoothness of writing, regularity of curves and
shading.

40. Poor line quality - Characterized by simulated

forges or laboriously disguised handwriting as well as
of the handwriting of persons who write very little.
41. Safety paper - a paper which has been treated in
such away as to minimize the chances of forgery by
erasure whether mechanical or chemical.

42. Calligraphy- The art of beautiful writing

43. Cacography - a term that refers to bad writing

44. Majuscule- capital letters.

45. Minuscule - small letter.

46. Alignment - is the relation of parts of the whole

line of writing or line o individual letters in words to
the baseline.
47. Superimposing ink - an ink used for blotting or
smearing an original writing.

48. Contact writing - a partially visible writing due to

sudden contact of a blank paper into another paper
containing a freshly applied ink.

49. Invisible writing - a writing which has no readily

visible or legible writing 'for they have been made by
using sympathetic ink.

50. Conclusion - a scientific results from relating

observed facts by logical, common sense reasoning in
accordance with established rules or laws. An expert's
conclusion is commonly referred to in, legal, term as his
opinion
51. Exemplars - refers to specimen standards or disputed.
document which has been used for comparison

52. Exhibit - is a term use when referring to the specimen

standards or questioned which is presented in court as evidence

53. Reference collection - Material compiled and organized by

the document examiner to assist him in answering special
questions comprises his reference collection which he regularly
maintained.

54. Writing- it is the result of a very complicated series of acts

being as a whole or a combination of certain forms of visible
mental and muscular habits acquired by long continued
painstaking effort.
PHOTOGRAPHY IN QUESTIONED DOCUMENT
EXAMINATION

1. Photograph serves as a record of the initial conditions of

disputed document.

2. Photograph makes clear what is otherwise may be hidden

or indistinct.

3. By means of photographs, a writing in question can be

accurately be enlarged so that every quality and
characteristics of it can be clearly and properly interpreted
whether the facts so shown the points to genuineness or
forgery.

4. Any number of accurate reproductions of the document

could be made through photographs, thus affording unlimited
opportunity for study, comparison and evaluation by any
number of examiners that could not be possible by using the
5. Photograph can be cut apart, as may be desired and the
various parts classified for comparison.

6. Photograph is also useful in showing delicate discolorations

due to chemical erasures or other fraudulent changes that may
be otherwise overlooked or interpreted.

7. Erasure by abrasion made by ordinary rubber eraser can be

sometimes be shown clearly and recorded in permanent form by
a photograph taken which the paper placed obliquely to the
plane of the lens and the plane are inclined at just right angle of
reflection so as to show differences in the reflected light from the
different portions of the paper surface.
INSTRUMENTS USED IN QUESTIONED DOCUMENT
EXAMINATION

1. Magnifying lens
 Is the one of the most common used by bank
personnel. A magnifying lens of at least five times
magnification, with built-in lighting and base are found to be
more useful.

2. Stereoscopic binocular microscope

 Is an instrument that can show three- dimensional
enlargement of the documents or writing under examination.

3. Measuring test plates

 These are ruled or lined transparent glasses. which are
used in measuring the alignments, slant, spacing, or size of
letters, words or the whole writing.
4. Table lamps
 Is an artificial light with adjustable shade lust like
the gooseneck lamps for controlled illuminations,
usually used for sidelight examinations.

5. Transmitted light gadget

 Considered as one of the powerful instrument used
in laboratory. It is a built- box, with a bulb place inside
and the strong source of light will be transmitted
either to the back or bottom of the document under
examination.
6. Ultraviolet lamp
 Is an artificial lamp with its radiation capableof
creating a fluorescence depending upon the material
under consideration. Theirwavelengths appear just
before the blue-violet colour of the visible spectrum.

 Fluorescence is the emission of light by a

substance that has absorbed light of other
electromagnetic radiation
7. Infrared-viewer
 Is another artificial light with its wavelength appear
beyond the red portion of the visible spectrum. This is
an instrument that best in deciphering obliterated
forms of writings and additions of writing or ink
strokes in a document.

8. lodine fuming apparatus

 lodine Fuming is one of the traditional
development methods generally used on porous
materials such as paper and cardboard, and is
usually applied before ninhydrin or silver nitrate
processing
Is the printing surface of the type block in a
conventional typewriter. In electric typewriter it is the
printing surface of the rotating head sphere.

a. Characters
b. Typeface defect
c. Typeface
d. Pica typeface
Is the printing surface of the type block in a
conventional typewriter. In electric typewriter it is the
printing surface of the rotating head sphere.

a. Characters
b. Typeface defect
c. Typeface
d. Pica typeface
A typewriter with a type letter spacing similar to the
type spacing of conventional printed in which all
letters are allotted horizontal in conformity with their
relative widths.

a. Pica typeface
b. Elite typeface
c. Proportional spacing machine
d. nota
A typewriter with a type letter spacing similar to the
type spacing of conventional printed in which all
letters are allotted horizontal in conformity with their
relative widths.

a. Pica typeface
b. Elite typeface
c. Proportional spacing machine
d. nota
Is an identifying typewriter characteristics which can
be eliminated by simply cleaning the machine or
replacing the ribbon.

a. Transitory Defects
b. Permanent Defects
c. Mal alignment
d. aota
Is an identifying typewriter characteristics which can
be eliminated by simply cleaning the machine or
replacing the ribbon.

a. Transitory Defects
b. Permanent Defects
c. Mal alignment
d. aota
Typeface defects a character printing above or below
of its proper position.

a. Off-its-feet
b. Twisted letters
c. Horizontal mal alignment
d. Vertical mal alignment
Typeface defects a character printing above or below
of its proper position.

a. Off-its-feet
b. Twisted letters
c. Horizontal mal alignment
d. Vertical mal alignment
typeface defect in which a character prints a double
impression with the lighter one slightly off-set to the
right or left.

a. Clogged type face

b. Actual breakage
c. Rebound
d. Off-its-feet
typeface defect in which a character prints a double
impression with the lighter one slightly off-set to the
right or left.

a. Clogged type face

b. Actual breakage
c. Rebound
d. Off-its-feet
One who studies scientifically the details and
elements of documents in order to identify their
source, or to discover other facts concerning them.

a. Document examiner
b. Expert witness
c. Graphology
d. Examination
One who studies scientifically the details and
elements of documents in order to identify their
source, or to discover other facts concerning them.

a. Document examiner
b. Expert witness
c. Graphology
d. Examination
Is the act of setting two or more items side by side to
weigh their identifying qualities.

a. Comparison
b. Collation
c. Infrared examination
d. Ultraviolet examination
Is the act of setting two or more items side by side to
weigh their identifying qualities.

a. Comparison
b. Collation
c. Infrared examination
d. Ultraviolet examination
An examination in which the document is viewed with
the source of illumination behind it and the light
passing though the paper.

a. Microscopic examination
b. Oblique or sidelight examinations
c. Transmitted light examination
d. Counterfeit
An examination in which the document is viewed with
the source of illumination behind it and the light
passing though the paper.

a. Microscopic examination
b. Oblique or sidelight examinations
c. Transmitted light examination
d. Counterfeit
The removal of writings, typewriting, or printing from
a document. It may be accomplished by two means:
A chemical agents and abrasive erasure.

a. Pen failure
b. Erasure
c. Ink eradicator
d. Obliteration
The removal of writings, typewriting, or printing from
a document. It may be accomplished by two means:
A chemical agents and abrasive erasure.

a. Pen failure
b. Erasure
c. Ink eradicator
d. Obliteration
Describes any process in which erased writing is
developed or brought out again on the document
itself.

a. Decipherment
b. Restoration
c. Insertion or interlineations
d. Addition
Describes any process in which erased writing is
developed or brought out again on the document
itself.

a. Decipherment
b. Restoration
c. Insertion or interlineations
d. Addition
A document containing some changes either by
addition or deletion.

a. Altered document
b. Blank papers
c. Secret inks
d. Writing impressions
A document containing some changes either by
addition or deletion.

a. Altered document
b. Blank papers
c. Secret inks
d. Writing impressions
Result from a paper coming in contact with fresh inks
writing. They may be the mirror of the entire words or
sentences.

a. Writing offsets
b. Pen
c. Ball point pen
d. Agraphia
Result from a paper coming in contact with fresh inks
writing. They may be the mirror of the entire words or
sentences.

a. Writing offsets
b. Pen
c. Ball point pen
d. Agraphia
A carbon paper is interleaves - between the genuine
document containing a signature and the document
intended to be forged.

a. Carbon outlined process

b. Indention process
c. transmitted light process
d. Microphotograph
A carbon paper is interleaves - between the genuine
document containing a signature and the document
intended to be forged.

a. Carbon outlined process

b. Indention process
c. transmitted light process
d. Microphotograph
Is a magnified photograph of a small object produced
by connecting a camera with the ocular of a
compound microscope.

a. Indented writings
b. Graphometry
c. Photomacrograph
d. Photomicrograph
Is a magnified photograph of a small object produced
by connecting a camera with the ocular of a
compound microscope.

a. Indented writings
b. Graphometry
c. Photomacrograph
d. Photomicrograph
A term applied to the partially visible depressions
appearing on a sheet of paper underneath the one
on which the visible writing appears. It may also
occur after pencil or typewriting has been erased.

a. Photomacrograph
b. Graphometry
c. Indented writings
d. Hesitation
A term applied to the partially visible depressions
appearing on a sheet of paper underneath the one
on which the visible writing appears. It may also
occur after pencil or typewriting has been erased.

a. Photomacrograph
b. Graphometry
c. Indented writings
d. Hesitation
This refers to the condition of the line itself.

a. Safety paper
b. Poor line quality
c. Good line quality
d. Line quality
This refers to the condition of the line itself.

a. Safety paper
b. Poor line quality
c. Good line quality
d. Line quality
A term that refers to bad writing.

a. Calligraphy
b. Cacography
c. Majuscule
d. Minuscule
A term that refers to bad writing.

a. Calligraphy
b. Cacography
c. Majuscule
d. Minuscule
A writing which has no readily visible or legible
writing 'for they have been made by using
sympathetic ink.

a. Alignment
b. Superimposing ink
c. Contact writing
d. Invisible writing
A writing which has no readily visible or legible
writing 'for they have been made by using
sympathetic ink.

a. Alignment
b. Superimposing ink
c. Contact writing
d. Invisible writing
Is a term use when referring to the specimen
standards or questioned which is presented in court
as evidence.

a. Conclusion
b. Exemplars
c. Exhibit
d. Reference collection
Is a term use when referring to the specimen
standards or questioned which is presented in court
as evidence.

a. Conclusion
b. Exemplars
c. Exhibit
d. Reference collection
Is an instrument that can show three- dimensional
enlargement of the documents or writing under
examination.

a. Magnifying lens
b. Stereoscopic binocular microscope
c. Measuring test plates
d. Table lamps
Is an instrument that can show three- dimensional
enlargement of the documents or writing under
examination.

a. Magnifying lens
b. Stereoscopic binocular microscope
c. Measuring test plates
d. Table lamps
Considered as one of the powerful instrument used
in laboratory. It is a built- box, with a bulb place inside
and the strong source of light will be transmitted
either to the back or bottom of the document under
examination.

a. Transmitted light gadget

b. Ultraviolet lamp
c. Infrared-viewer
d. lodine fuming apparatus
Considered as one of the powerful instrument used
in laboratory. It is a built- box, with a bulb place inside
and the strong source of light will be transmitted
either to the back or bottom of the document under
examination.

a. Transmitted light gadget

b. Ultraviolet lamp
c. Infrared-viewer
d. lodine fuming apparatus
Thank u 😉