Lesson 6:

Gender Discrimination
and Inequalities
Gender Discrimination
• The unfair or unequal treatment of individuals
based on gender.
• Is any action that excludes or disadvantages
people based on their gender.

Gender Inequality
• is broader and refers to a society or system in
which people are not treated equally due to their
gender, leading to an imbalance in power,
opportunity, and social standing.
Examples of Gender Discrimination:
• Workplace Discrimination: A woman being passed over for a
promotion in favor of a less qualified man because of her
gender.
• Educational Discrimination: A teacher giving more attention
to male students in science or math, assuming that girls are
less capable in these subjects.
• Legal Discrimination: Laws that restrict women’s rights, such
as those that limit women’s access to property ownership or
voting.
• Social Discrimination: Gender-based harassment or
exclusion in social settings, such as bullying someone for not
adhering to gender norms.
Forms of Gender Discrimination:

Direct Discrimination: When an individual is openly

treated unfairly because of their gender, such as not
hiring someone due to their gender.

Indirect Discrimination: When a policy or practice

disproportionately impacts one gender, even though it
appears neutral (e.g., requiring a height or weight limit
that favors men).
Examples of Gender Inequality:
• Pay Gap: Women earning less than men for the same work or for
work of equal value, as is common in many industries.
• Political Underrepresentation: Women and gender minorities
being significantly underrepresented in political leadership
positions, which leads to their needs being overlooked in policy-
making.
• Educational Disparities: Girls in certain parts of the world not
having the same access to education as boys, leading to lower
literacy rates and fewer professional opportunities for women.
• Healthcare Access: Women and gender minorities sometimes
having less access to adequate healthcare services or facing
gender bias in medical treatment, particularly in areas like
reproductive health.
 ASPECT GENDER DISCRIMINATION GENDER INEQUALITY
Focus Individual actions, behaviors, or policies Broad societal or institutional inequalities
that treat people unfairly due to their that limit opportunities and access based
gender. on gender.

Scope Can be more specific and localized (e.g., in Encompasses long-term societal
the workplace, education, or family). imbalances across many areas (e.g., pay
gap, political representation, healthcare
access).

Examples A woman being denied a job or promotion Women being underrepresented in

because of her gender. leadership roles across all sectors.

Impact Impacts individuals directly and Affects groups and communities, leading
immediately. to widespread social and economic
disadvantages.
Machismo is the cultural expectation for men to
embody qualities like dominance, strength, and aggression. It
promotes a strong, often exaggerated sense of male pride,
authority, and honor. Men are expected to be the primary
providers and protectors, while also being assertive,
independent, and emotionally resilient.

Marianismo is the counterpart to machismo,

prescribing how women should behave. Derived from the image
of the Virgin Mary in Catholicism, marianismo encourages
women to embody virtues like purity, selflessness, patience, and
moral strength. This ideology places value on women’s roles as
caregivers, nurturers, and moral centers of their families.
 ASPECT MACHISMO MARIANISMO
Expectation Men are dominant,
assertive, and Women are nurturing, self-
independent. sacrificing, and pure.
Role in Family Provider, protector, and Caregiver, moral anchor,
decision-maker. and emotional support.
Emotional Expression Limited, stoic, not showing Open, empathetic, and
vulnerability. emotionally resilient.
Personal Freedom High value on
independence and sexual High value on modesty and
freedom. loyalty.
Social Impact Reinforces male
dominance and toxic Reinforces female
masculinity. submission and self-denial.
Misogyny refers to the dislike, contempt, or prejudice
against women or girls. It involves negative attitudes, stereotypes,
and behaviors that undermine or devalue women based on their
gender. Misogyny can take many forms, ranging from overt violence
and discrimination to more subtle forms of social exclusion or
disrespect.
Misandry refers to the hatred, dislike, or prejudice
against men or boys. Like misogyny, it involves negative attitudes
or behaviors based on gender, but misandry is less commonly
discussed or recognized as a widespread social issue.
 ASPECT MISOGYNY MISANDRY
Target Women and girls. Men and boys.
Cultural Context Rooted in historical and systemic gender Less systemic and less institutionalized than
inequality, particularly in patriarchal misogyny, but can manifest in cultural
societies. stereotypes or social exclusion.

Often linked to social power imbalances, Often linked to gender stereotypes,

Manifestation sexism, and violence against women. misperceptions of masculinity, or backlash
against patriarchy.

Examples Domestic violence, sexual harassment, Stereotyping men as violent or incapable of

unequal pay, gender-based violence. empathy, dismissing men's issues like mental
health or victimhood.

Impact Contributes to systemic inequality and limits Can harm men emotionally and socially, but
opportunities for women. generally does not perpetuate structural gender
inequalities on the same scale as misogyny.
Efforts to challenge both misogyny
and misandry include:
Promoting healthy masculinity and empowering femininity
that encourage emotional expression, empathy, and equality.
Gender equality education that teaches mutual respect, equity,
and the dismantling of harmful gender norms.
Support services that recognize and address issues that
disproportionately affect men (such as mental health, fatherhood,
or violence) alongside those that affect women.
GENDER CRIMES
- gender crimes refer to offenses committed against
individuals based on their gender, often rooted in systemic
gender-based discrimination, stereotypes, or social norms.
These crimes are disproportionately directed at women, girls,
and members of the LGBTQ+ community, though men can
also be victims.
1. Domestic Violence: Physical, emotional, or psychological abuse
within intimate relationships, where power dynamics and societal
norms about gender often play a role.

2. Sexual Violence: Rape, sexual assault, harassment, and other

non-consensual acts that target individuals based on their gender.

3. Human Trafficking and Exploitation: Encompassing forced

labor, sexual exploitation, and child marriage, this form of exploitation
often preys on women and girls due to societal vulnerabilities.
 4. Female Genital Mutilation (FGM): A harmful cultural practice
performed on women and girls, often justified by cultural beliefs
and social expectations, with severe physical and psychological
effects.
5. Honor-Based Violence: Crimes like honor killings, acid attacks, and forced
marriage are committed to "preserve" family honor, frequently directed toward
women who defy certain cultural or religious expectations.

6. Femicide: The intentional killing of women because of their gender. This

crime is widespread in various regions and is driven by factors such as
misogyny, power imbalances, and cultural tolerance for violence against
women.
7. Cyber Gender Crimes: Online harassment, cyberstalking,
and the non-consensual distribution of intimate images, which
disproportionately affect women and LGBTQ+ individuals.

8. Economic Gender-Based Crimes: These involve financial

control and economic abuse, such as denying access to
resources or employment to maintain control over a partner or
dependent.
Thank you
for
listening