GMR Institute of Technology, Rajam

Nov
29,
202
4
GMR Institute of Technology

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Electrical Vehicle Technologies

Nov 29, 2024

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Nov 29, 2024 1
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29,
202
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No
v2
9,
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24 • Sustainability means meeting our own
needs without compromising the ability
of future generations to meet their own
needs. In addition to natural resources,
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we also need social and economic

resources

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 Need of electric Vehicle
No
v2
9,
20
24

• Better for our energy security

• Better for the environment

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• Emissions reduction

4
No
v2
9,
20
24 • A hybrid car uses more than one means
of energy, combining a petrol or diesel
engine with an electric motor, and the two
systems work with each other to move the
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vehicle. This allows the car to burn less

gasoline, achieving better fuel efficiency
than a traditional engine that solely uses
fuel does.

5
No
v2
9,
20
24 • A plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) is
a hybrid electric vehicle whose battery
pack can be recharged by plugging a
charging cable into an external electric
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power source, in addition to internally by

its on-board internal combustion engine-
powered generator.

6
No Reason for failure of EV during Earlier stage
v2
9,
20 •
24 There were many reasons leading to the disappearance of the EV and HEV.
When compared to gasoline-powered cars, EVs and HEVs:

• were more expensive than gasoline cars due to the large battery packs
used;
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• were less powerful than gasoline cars due to the limited power from the
onboard battery;

• Had limited range between each charge;

• And needed many hours to recharge the onboard battery.

• In addition, urban and rural areas lacked accessibility to electricity for

charging electric and hybrid cars.

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 Unfortunately, the EV market collapsed in the late 1990s. What caused the EV industry
No to fail? The reasons were mixed, depending on how one looks at it,
v2
9,
20
24 Limitations of EVs: These concerned the limited range (most EVs provided 60–100miles,
compared to 300 or more miles from gasoline-powered vehicles); long charging time (eight or
more hours); high cost (40% more expensive than gasoline cars); and limited cargo space in many
of the EVs available.
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Cheap gasoline: The operating cost (fuel cost) of cars is insignificant in comparison to
the investment that an EV owner makes in buying an EV.

Consumers: Consumers believed that large sports utility vehicles (SUVs) and pickup trucks were
safer to drive and convenient for many other functions, such as towing. Therefore, consumers
preferred large SUVs instead of smaller efficient vehicles (partly due to the low gasoline prices).

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No
v2
9,
20 •
24 Car companies: Automobile manufacturers spent billions of dollars in research,
development ,and deployment of EVs, but the market did not respond very well. They were
losing money in selling EVs at that time. Maintenance and servicing of EVs were additional
burdens on the car dealerships. Liability was a major concern, though there was no evidence
that EVs were less safe than gasoline vehicles.

• Gas companies: EVs were seen as a threat to gas companies and the oil industry. Lobbying by
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the car and gasoline companies of the federal government and the California government to
drop the mandate was one of the key factors leading to the disappearance of EVs in the 1990s.

• Battery technology: Lead acid batteries were used in most EVs in the 1990s. The batteries
were large and heavy, and needed a long time to charge.

• Infrastructure: There was limited infrastructure for recharging batteries.

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No we must overcome many barriers in order to succeed:
v2
9,
20 •
24 Key technology: That is, batteries, power electronics, and electric motors. In particular ,
without significant breakthroughs in batteries and with gasoline prices continuing at low
levels, there will be significant obstacles for large-scale deployment of EVs and PHEVs.
• Cost: HEVs and PHEVs cost significantly more than their gasoline counterparts. Efforts need
to be made to cut component and system cost. When savings in fuel can quickly recover the
investment in the HEV, consumers will switch to HEVs and PHEVs rapidly.
• Infrastructure: This needs to be ready for the large deployment of PHEVs, including
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electricity generation for increased demand by PHEVs and increased renewable energy
generation, and for rapid and convenient charging of grid PHEVs.
• Policy: Government policy has a significant impact on the deployment of many new
technologies. Favorable policies include taxation, standards, consumer incentives, investment
in research, development, and manufacture of advanced technology products will all have a
positive impact on the deployment of HEV and PHEV.
• Approach: An integrated approach that combine high-efficiency engines, vehicle safety, and
smarter roadways will ultimately help form a sustainable future for personal transportation.

10
No Architectures of HEVs
v2
9,
20 •A HEV is a combination of a conventional ICE-powered vehicle and an EV. It uses both an ICE
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and an electric motor/generator for propulsion

•The two power devices, the ICE and the electric motor, can be connected in series or in parallel
from a power flow point of view.

•When the ICE and motor are connected in series, the HEV is a series hybrid in which only the
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electric motor is providing mechanical power to the wheels.

• The ICE converts energy in the liquid fuel to mechanical energy and the generator converts
the mechanical energy of the engine output to electricity. An electric motor will propel the
vehicle using electricity generated by the I/G set. This electric motor is also used to capture
the kinetic energy during braking. There will be a battery between the generator and the
electric motor to buffer the electric energy between the I/G set and the motor.

•When the ICE and the electric motor are connected in parallel, the HEV is a parallel hybrid in
which both the electric motor and the ICE can deliver mechanical power to the wheels.

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No
v2
9,
20 •
24 When the ICE and the electric motor are connected in parallel, the HEV is a parallel hybrid in
which both the electric motor and the ICE can deliver mechanical power to the wheels.

• In a parallel HEV or PHEV, both the ICE and the electric motor are coupled to thefinal drive
shaft through a mechanical coupling mechanism, such as a clutch, gears, belts, or pulleys. This
parallel configuration allows both the ICE and the electric motor to drive the vehicle either in
combined mode, or separately. The electric moor is also used for regenerative braking and for
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capturing the excess energy from the ICE during coasting

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 9,
24
20
No
v2
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 9,
24
20
No
v2
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 9,
24
20
No
v2
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 9,
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20
No
v2
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 9,
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20
No
v2
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 9,
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20
No
v2
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 9,
24
20
No
v2
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 9,
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20
No
v2
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 9,
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20
No
v2
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 9,
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20
No
v2
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No Parallel Hybrid Electric Drive Trains
v2
9,
20
24
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 9,
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20
No
v2
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No Series–Parallel HEVs
v2
9,
20
24
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No
v2 Hybridization Ratio
9,
20 • These concepts are usually related to the power rating of the main electric motor in
24 a HEV.
• For example, if the HEV contains a fairly large electric motor and associated
batteries, it can be considered as a full hybrid
• On the other hand, if the size of the electric motor is relatively small, then it may be
considered as a micro hybrid.
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• Typically, a full hybrid should be able to operate the vehicle using the electric
motor
• and battery up to a certain speed limit and drive the vehicle for a certain amount of
time.
• The typical power rating of an electric motor in a full hybrid passenger car is
approximately 50–75 kW.
• The micro hybrid, on the other hand, does not offer the capability to drive the
vehicle
• with the electric motor only.
• The electric motor is merely for starting and stopping the engine.
• The typical rating of electric motors used in micro hybrids is less than 10 kW.
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• A mild hybrid is in between a full hybrid and a micro hybrid.
No
v2
9,
20 •
24 An effective approach for evaluating HEVs is to use a hybridization ratio to reflect
the degree of hybridization of a HEV
• the hybridization ratio is defined as the ratio of electric power to the total
powertrain power.
• For example, a HEV with a motor rated at 50kW and an engine rated at
75kW will have a hybridization ratio of 50/(50+75)kW=40%.
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• A conventional gasoline-powered vehicle will have a 0% hybridization ratio

and a battery EV will have a hybridization ratio of 100%.

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No
v2 Challenges and Key Technology of HEVs
9,
20
24 • Power electronics and electric machines
• Electromagnetic interference
• Energy storage systems
• Regenerative braking control
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• Power management and vehicle control

• Thermal management
• Modeling and simulation, vehicle dynamics,
vehicle design, and optimization

28
 rolled gravel road
No
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20
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 Tar macadam road
No
v2
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20
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 9,
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20
No
v2
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Unpaved road

31
 Bad earth tracks
No
v2
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20
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 9,
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20
No
v2
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Loose sand

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 Truck tire on concrete or asphalt
No
v2
9,
20

road
24
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