Parts of speech
There are eight parts of speech in the English language:
noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition,
conjunction, and interjection.
Explains not what the word is, but how the word is used.
In fact, the same word can be a noun in one sentence and
a verb or adjective in the next.
Examples..
The word “clean” as noun, verb ,adjective and adverb..
The table is not clean
Clean the stove!
Children with clean shining faces
The bullet passed clean through his chest
Parts of Speech
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Noun
Everything in the world has a name. A noun is a naming word
that names a person, place, thing or an idea. They do not
have special endings to show that they are nouns, or to show
that they are subject or object.
Nouns can play the role of subject, direct object, indirect object, subject
complement, object complement or adjective.
Cont.……….
Noun as subject: Ahmad fails a test
Noun as direct object: Ali eats food.
Noun as indirect object: Ali passed his father the parcel.
Noun as subject compliment: The box is a present.
Noun as object compliment: Tea makes ali happy.
Noun as an adjective: History teacher or tennis ball
Types of noun
Nouns form a large proportion of English vocabulary and come in
a wide variety of types.
Common Noun
Proper Noun
Concrete Noun
Abstract Noun
Collective Noun
Compound Noun
Countable Noun
Uncountable Noun
Common Nouns and Proper Nouns
Common Noun
A common nouns refer to people, place and thing in general like
chair or dog. Any noun that is not a name is a common noun.
Examples: teacher, car, music, danger, receipt
Have you seen my dog?
Proper Noun
Names of people, places or organizations are proper nouns. Your
name is a proper noun. London is a proper noun. United Nations
is a proper noun.
Rule: Proper nouns always start with a capital letter.
Examples: Jane, Thailand, Sunday, James Bond, Einstein,
Superman, Shakespeare • Let me introduce you to Mary Smith
I was born in April
Common vs. Proper Noun
Proper Noun
Day Friday, Saturday, Sunday
City Lahore, Islamabad, Multan
Nation Pakistan, Canada, United States
language English, Spanish
holiday Labour Day, Kashmir Day
river Ravi, Jehlum, Sindh
newspaper The News, The Nation
Activity
Re-write each sentence below. Replace each underlined common
noun with a proper noun. He did fantastic on his final exam. John
did fantastic on his final exam.
1. He went to town in the morning.
2. The lady at the grocery store was kind.
3. The family saw a funny movie.
4. He waters his lawn in the afternoon.
5. She is my best friend.
6. I enjoy going to school.
Concrete Noun and Abstract Noun
Concrete Noun
can be identified through one of the five senses (taste, touch, sight,
hearing, or smell). Consider the examples below:
Would someone please answer the phone?
Have you ever met James Bond? .
Abstract Noun
cannot be perceived using one of the five senses (i.e., taste, touch,
sight, hearing, and smelling). Look at the examples below:
Example: We can’t imagine the courage it took to do that.
Their lives were full of sadness.
Activity
In each of the examples below, one sentence uses a proper noun
and the other sentence uses common noun. See if you can tell
the difference:
A - Mary liked to read a book every night before she went to bed.
B - Mary liked to read Harry Potter every night before she went to
bed.
A - My favourite thing to drink is soda.
B - My favourite thing to drink is Diet Coke.
A - In my country, you cannot marry more than one person at a
time.
B - In the United States, you cannot marry more than one person
at a time.
Collective Noun
represents a collection of individuals, usually people, such as: a
team (for example: eleven football players) a family (for example:
mother, father and two children)
collective nouns can consist of a few people or tens, hundreds or
thousands of people: Committee, jury, senate, company, audience,
police, and army.
Rule: Collective nouns can be treated as singular or plural.
His family lives in different countries.
Activity from the book
Compound Noun
contains two or more words that join together to make a single noun, like
"keyboard." A compound noun is a type of compound word that is used to
designate a person, place, or thing. Most compound nouns are [noun + noun] or
[adjective + noun] as social studies, physical education, and greenhouse
Compound nouns have three different forms:
open or spaced - space between words (bus stop)
hyphenated - hyphen between words (mother-in-law)
closed or solid - no space or hyphen between words (football)
Examples: cat food, blackboard, breakfast, full moon, washing machine, software
Countable Noun
A countable noun refers to an item that can be counted, even if the
number might be extraordinarily high (like counting all the people in the
world, for example). Countable nouns can be used with articles such as
a/an and the or quantifiers such as a few and many.
Look at the sentence below and pay particular attention to the countable
noun: Here is a cat.
Cat is singular and countable.
Here are a few cats. Here are some cats.
Other examples of countable nouns include house, hand, car, flower, and
paper.
Uncountable Noun
An uncountable noun comes in a state or quantity that is
impossible to count;
liquids are uncountable, as are things that act like liquids (sand,
air). Abstract ideas like creativity or courage are also
uncountable.
An uncountable noun is always considered to be singular and can
stand alone or be used with some, any, a little, and much. See
the example below for reference:
Example
An I.Q. test measures intelligence.
Rule: We never use uncountable nouns with the indefinite article
(a/an). Uncountable nouns are always singular.
Examples: water, happiness, cheese
