Introduction to Information Systems and Society

Chapter Five

Major Applications and Current trends of Information Systems

1
 Outline
Major Applications and Current trends of Information Systems
Types of Information Systems and their application
Office Automation System
Transaction Processing System
Management Information System
Decision Support System
Expert System
Knowledge Management Systems
Current Trends of Information Systems

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 Types of Information Systems and Their Application
There are primarily types of information systems that businesses incorporate
in their operations in varying capacities.
Office Automation System
Transaction Processing System
Management Information System
Decision Support System
Expert System
Knowledge Management Systems

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 Office Automation System (OAS)
Office Automation Systems offer a way for data to move from one system
to another without any manual work or human intervention.
OAS consists of computers, communication-related technology, and the
personnel assigned to perform the official tasks.
The OAS covers office transactions and supports official activity at every
level in the organization.
The official activities are subdivided into managerial and clerical activities.

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 Contd…
Office automation systems include the following applications:-
•Email:- The email application also covers file attachments such as audio,
video, and documents.
•Voice Mail:- This application records and stores phone messages into the
system’s memory and can be retrieved anytime.
•Word Processing:- Word processing covers the creation of documents,
including memos, reports, letters, and anything else that’s printable
electronically.
The created text can be copied, edited, and stored via word processing
commands, and checked for grammar and spelling, line and word counting,
and headers and footers.

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 Transaction Processing System (TPS)
A transaction process system (TPS) is used to collect, modify and retrieve
business transactions on demand.
Transaction processing is essential to helping businesses perform daily
operations.
Transactions are defined as any activity or event that affects the company,
and include things like deposits, withdrawals, shipping, billing customers,
order entry, and placing orders.
TPS supports these business transactions.

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 Cont…
Any running business conducts several transactions at any given point in
time. These business transactions do not conform to just buying and selling
of products but also include deposits in banks, inventory counts, payment
data about the newly employed, etc. A transaction processing system handles
these transactions.
Another purpose of a transaction processing system is that it can be
employed to update a business’s transaction records. It can then conveniently
store the whole collection of records to produce business reports.
Transaction processing systems also find uses as payroll systems, stock
control systems, and billing systems.

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 Management Information System (MIS)
• A Management Information System (MIS) studies the people, technology,
organization, and the relationships between them.
• Management Information Systems can provide the most suitable information
that can be used by an institution’s management to deduce investment
strategies.
• These systems emphasize service through technology and therefore, data
analysis, project management is at their very core.
• The various types of management information systems can produce reports
for specific business needs. Some examples of these reports include
summary reports, ad-hoc reports, execution reports, etc.
• Management information systems can also be designed specifically for the
Human Resources, Sales or any other suitable department of a business.

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 Cont…
• The management information system, due to its ability to deliver factual reports
with ease and speed makes a business competent enough to confidently handle
sudden market changes.
• Another benefit of this type of information system is that it allows the business
player including the staff and managers to analyze the reports on their end.
Post-analyzing, businesses can set their short long-term goals and prioritize
them accordingly.
• Management information systems can also help businesses beat the
competition by levelling up their ability to match competitive challenges in the
market. Analyzing huge amounts of data helps in devising plans to beat the
competition and capture the market.

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 Decision Support System (DSS)
A Decision Support System is an interactive information system that assists
a business in making decisions for the management.
It does this by storing and analyzing the business data to help the business
take the appropriate action.
Decision support systems are interactive which means they readily offer
information and tools for the manipulation of data.
An example of such a system would be the interactive maps we use on our
smartphones while travelling. These maps show us which routes are the
fastest to traverse along with the appropriate mode of transportation for the
journey.

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 Cont…
DSS helps in visualizing the data and makes it’s understanding faster and
easier. This ultimately bolsters the management’s ability to make effective
decisions at a much faster pace.
Due to the interactive nature of DSS, management can add/delete data and
observe the effect corresponding to it.
This way decision-making is simplified and a company can meet its target
sans any hassle.

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 Expert System (ES)
This information system is a sophisticated computer-based system that
helps in representing knowledge in the form of data mainly executed by
computer programs.
Expert systems, keeping in line with their name, are designed such that they
mimic human intelligence, particularly reasoning to an extent.
As such, an expert system offers the necessary expertise that is utilized by
the management to identify, predict or capture the problems.
Furthermore, this type of information system can be used to assist problem-
solving since it incorporates the working of artificial intelligence. To better
understand the concept behind an expert system, think of it as an expert in
specific business areas who is acting as a consultant.

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 Cont…
The core components of an Expert System are its knowledge repository, a
search apparatus, an information-gathering system and a display interface
that allows users to interact with its outputs.
The inbuilt software that administers the system makes deductions by
acquiring information from the knowledge repository and answering the
queries posed by users through the interface.
Another benefit of the Expert System is that human knowledge is completely
captured in a computer and it is used to solve problems. This makes the
Expert System accessible to amateurs and staff lacking expertise to groom
their problem-solving skills.

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 Knowledge Management Systems (KMS)
A knowledge management system is a type of information system that stores
information for building knowledge for users. This can help in achieving
collaboration between different departments.
Companies make use of Knowledge Management Systems to properly
organize the documentation, FAQs, and other such information concerning
them.
The KMS also makes all the documented company information easily
accessible to its staff and customers, albeit in specified degrees.
Documents such as business policies, training material, and generic customer
queries can be assembled in one place and accessed at all times.

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 Cont…
A KMS ensures that the business-specific abilities of the staff are
integrated throughout the organization and helps employees to
understand the available information better.
All the collected information from outside, such as the competitor’s
market share or services, the organization can be stored as well. This
information can then be communicated within the business and be used
to design goals accordingly.

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 Current Trends in Information Systems
Information systems have evolved at a rapid pace ever since their introduction
in the 1950s. Today devices you can hold in one hand are more powerful than
the computers used to land a man on the moon in 1969.
The Internet has made the entire world accessible to you, allowing you to
communicate and collaborate like never before.
Global
Social
Personal
Mobile
Wearable Current trends of IS
Collaborative
Printable
Findable
Autonomous
Secure
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 Global
The first trend to note is the continuing expansion of globalization.
The use of the Internet is growing all over the world, and with it the use of
digital devices. Penetration rates, the percent of the population using the
Internet, remains high in the developed world, but other continents are
gaining.
In addition to worldwide growth in Internet penetration, the number of
mobile phones in use continues to increase.
At the end of 2017 the world population of people over the age 10 years
(those old enough to possibly have their own mobile phone) was about 5.7
billion with an estimated 4.77 billion mobile phone users. This equates to
over 80% of people in the world having a mobile phone.

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 Social
Social media growth is another trend that continues at a firm growth rate. As
of April 2018 there were about 2.18 billion Facebook users, a 14% increase
from April 2017.

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 Personal
Ever since the advent of Web 2.0 and e-commerce, users of information
systems have expected to be able to modify their experiences to meet their
personal tastes.
From custom backgrounds on computer desktops to unique ringtones on
mobile phones, makers of digital devices provide the ability to personalize
how we use them.
More recently, companies such as Netflix have begun assisting their users
with personalization's by viewing suggestions.
In the future, we will begin seeing devices perfectly matched to our personal
preferences, based upon information collected about us.

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 Mobile
Perhaps the most impactful trend in digital technologies in the last decade
has been the advent of mobile technologies.
Beginning with the simple cellphone in the 1990s and evolving into the
smartphones of today, the growth of mobile has been overwhelming.
Here are some key indicators of this trend:
Mobile vs. Desktop
Daytime vs. Evening.
Device usage
Smartphone sales decline.
The rise and fall of tablets.

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 Wearable
• The average smartphone user looks at his or her smartphone 150 times a day
for functions such as messaging (23 times), phone calls (22), listening to
music (13), and social media (9).
• Many of these functions would be much better served if the technology was
worn on, or even physically integrated into, our bodies. This technology is
known as a “wearable.”
• Wearables have been around for a long time, with technologies such as
hearing aids and, later, Bluetooth earpieces. Now the product lines have
expanded to include the Smartwatch, body cameras, sports watch, and various
fitness monitors.

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 Collaborative
As more people use smartphones and wearables, it will be simpler than ever to
share data with each other for mutual benefit.
Some of this sharing can be done passively, such as reporting your location in
order to update traffic statistics. Other data can be reported actively, such as
adding your rating of a restaurant to a review site.

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 Printable
One of the most amazing innovations to be developed recently is the 3-D
printer.
A 3-D printer allows you to print virtually any 3-D object based on a model of
that object designed on a computer.
3-D printers work by creating layer upon layer of the model using malleable
materials, such as different types of glass, metals, or even wax.
3-D printing is quite useful for prototyping the designs of products to
determine their feasibility and marketability.

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 Findable
The “Internet of Things” (IoT) refers to devices that have been embedded into
a variety of objects including appliances, lamps, vehicles, lightbulbs, toys,
thermostats, jet engines, etc. and then connecting them via Wi-Fi, Bluetooth,
or LTE to the Internet.
Principally three factors have come together to give us IoT: inexpensive
processors, wireless connectivity, and a new standard for addresses on the
Internet known as IPv6.
The result is these small, embedded objects (things) are capable of sending
and receiving data. Lights can be turned on or off remotely. Thermostats can
be reset with anyone being present. And, perhaps on the downside, how you
drive your car can be monitored and evaluated by your insurance company.

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 Autonomous
Another trend that is emerging is an extension of the Internet of Things:
autonomous robots and vehicles.
By combining software, sensors, and location technologies, devices that can
operate themselves to perform specific functions are being developed. These
take the form of creations such as medical nanotechnology robots (nanobots),
self-driving cars, or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).
A nanobot is a robot whose components are on the scale of about a
nanometer, which is one-billionth of a meter.
While still an emerging field, it is showing promise for applications in the
medical field. For example, a set of nanobots could be introduced into the
human body to combat cancer or a specific disease.

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 Secure
As digital technologies drive relentlessly forward, so does the demand for
increased security.
One of the most important innovations in security is the use of encryption.

THANK YOU!!!

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