General
Chemistry
1
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Learning Targets
I can solve measurement problems involving conversion of units,
expression of measurements in scientific notation and significant
figures.
I can differentiate accuracy from precision.
I can determine the different sources of errors in measurements.
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Unit of
Measurement
s
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Fundamental SI Base Units
Physical Quantity Unit Name Symbol
mass kilogram kg
length meter m
time second s
amount of substance mole mol
temperature Kelvin K
electric current Ampere A
luminous intensity candela cd
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Quantity Metric English Conversion
Mass g, kg lb, oz 1 lb= 454 g
Metric and English Conversions
1 kg= 2.2 lb
1 oz = 28.35 g
Length cm, m, km In, ft, mi 1 in = 2.54 cm
1 m= 39.37 in
1 ft = 12 in
1 mi = 1.609 km
1 km = 0.62137 mi
Volume mL, L qt, pints, 1 qt = 946 mL
cups, tsp, fl 1 L= 1.057 qt
oz, gal 1 L= 2.12 pints
1 L= 4.23 cups
1 tsp = 4.93 mL
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0 1 1 tbsp2 = 14.79
3 mL4 5
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 fl oz
2
= 29.6
2
mL2 3
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7 = 3.79
8 L9 0
Metric and English Conversions
Quantity Metric English Conversion
Volume mL, L qt, pints, cups, tsp, fl 1 qt = 946 mL
oz, gal 1 L= 1.057 qt
1 L= 2.12 pints
1 L= 4.23 cups
1 tsp = 4.93 mL
1 tbsp = 14.79 mL
1 fl oz = 29.6 mL
1 gal = 3.79 L
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Power of Ten Prefix Abbreviation
Unit Prefixes 1012 Tera T
109 Giga G
106 Mega M
103 Kilo K
102 Hecto H
101 deka Da
10-2 Centi C
10-3 Milli m
10-6 Micro µ
107-9 1
nano 1 1 1 n 1 1
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1 1 1 1 2 2 102-12 2 2 pico
2 2 2 2 p 2 3
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Changing Units of Measurements
- Dimensional analysis
- It is converting a measurements from one unit to another.
For example:
1. Calculate the number of centimeters in 53.5 inches.
Solution:
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Exercise
1. Calculate the number of meters in 3.000 miles.
2. How many cups are there in 1.00 gallon of ice cream?
3. Carla weighs 114. 4 pounds. What is her mass in
kilograms?
4. How many seconds are there in 2 weeks?
5. How much will it cost to fill a 15.8 gallon tank with
gasoline at ₱40.50 per liter?
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Scientific Notation
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Scientific notation
• It is common to work with very large numbers or small numbers.
• Equation
C x 10n
Where C is the nonzero digit, 10 is the base and the n is the
integer whether it is positive or negative.
Example
meter
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Exercise
Express the following number into scientific notation.
1. 234,675.9 grams
2. 0.00000000000000008765 g
3. 675.876987 meter
4. -0.00000000000000008665 L
5. 0.00000000000006 mL
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Significant Figures
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Rules in Determining the
Significant Figures
1. Every nonzero digit is significant.
Examples:
791.22 m has 5 significant digits.
553 cm has 3 significant digits.
2. Leftmost zeros before the first nonzero digit are not significant.
Examples:
0.089 g has 2 significant digits.
0.0009 g has 1 significant digit.
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Rules in Determining the
Significant Figures
3. Zeros in between nonzero digits are significant.
Examples:
0.005005 m has 4 significant digits.
46, 073 m has 5 significant digits.
2. Zeros to the right of a nonzero digit and to the right of the decimal point are
significant.
Examples:
36.00 m has 4 significant digits.
0.350 s g has 3 significant digits.
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Rules in Determining the
Significant Figures
5. Zeros at the rightmost end of a measurement that lie to the left of an
“understood decimal point” are not significant.
Examples:
80,000 m has 1 significant digit.
80,000.0 m has 6 significant digits.
5.400 x 1 m has 4 significant digits.
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Exercise
How many significant figures do the given mass measurements have?
1. 40.5 g
2. 40.500 g
3. 0.045 g
4. 45,000 g
5. 45 g
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Significant Figures in Mathematical
Operations
Rules:
1. In addition and subtraction, the number with least number of decimal
places will dictate the number of decimal places in the answer.
2. In multiplying or dividing measurements, the answer should be based on
the measurement having the fewest significant digits.
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Examples
1. 14.7 g 2. 57.14 m
+2.028 g -29.5 m
16.7 g 27.6 m
3. 1,008.67 km 4. (65.02 cm)(3.87 cm)(0.250 cm)
÷ 52.83 L
62.9 c
19.09 km/L
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Activity # 1 Measurements
• I. Conversion of Units
1. 1 mi to inches
2. 5.4 gal to cups
3. 650 micrometer to km
4. 120 fl oz to pints
5. 750 in to miles
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Activity # 1 Measurements
• II. A. Express scientific notation into numbers.
1. 500 ML
2. 1.23 x 1m
3. 350 x 1L
4. 9.25 x 1
5. 850 micro meter
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Activity # 1 Measurements
• II. B. Express numbers into scientific notation .
1. 320 km
2. 562,325 m
3. 1,000,850 g
4. 0.0000000768 L
5. -0.0000036 ML
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Activity # 1 Measurements
• III. Solve the given problems. Express the final answer in correct number of
significant digits.
1. (11.48 m)-(27.1 cm)
2. (5.11 m) + (184.0 cm)+ (5.6 cm)
3. (10.40 m) x (2.83 m)
4. (8.900 m) x (1200 m)x (125 m)
5. (30.19 g) ÷ (10.158 mL)
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Activity # 1 Measurements
• I. Conversion of Units
1. 2.5 mi to inches
2. 8.9 gal to cups
3. 350 micrometer to miles
4. 240 fl oz to pints
5. 1,250 in to km
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Activity # 1 Measurements
• II. A. Express scientific notation into numbers.
1. 0.920 NM
2. 3.45 x 1m
3. 250 x 1L
4. 9.25 x 1
5. 850 micro meter
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Activity # 1 Measurements
• II. B. Express numbers into scientific notation .
1. 320,000 km
2. 562,325 m
3. 1,000,850 g
4. 0.0000000762 L
5. -0.0000026 ML
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Activity # 1 Measurements
• III. Solve the given problems. Express the final answer in correct number of
significant digits.
1. (15.25 m)-(35.8 cm)
2. (5.11 m) + (184.0 cm)+ (5.6 cm)
3. (12.50 m) x (2.54 m)
4. (8.800 J) x (1400 m)x (152 m)
5. (20.35 g) ÷ (10.125 mL)
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Precision and Accuracy
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Precision and Accuracy
• Precision
The set of measurements is precise when it is consistent. This means
that the values are close to one another.
• Accuracy
It is the closeness of the measurement to the specific value.
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Sources of Errors in
Measurements
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Systematic Errors
• Can be attributed to definite causes
• Can be predicted and eliminated
• Can affect the accuracy of the results
Classifications
1. Operative errors or personal errors
2. Method errors
3. Instrumental errors
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Random Errors
• These are inherent to the measuring apparatus.
• It cannot be reduced by the experimenter, especially when finer
measurements are obtained.
• It can affect the precision of measurements.
Example
the uncertainties in burettes or pipettes , expressed as ± value
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