Earth, Sun, and Moon

Earth , Sun and Moon
Solar system
• Our solar system is made up of a star, eight

planets, and countless smaller bodies such
as dwarf planets, asteroids, and comets. Our
solar system orbits the center of the Milky
Way galaxy at about 515,000 mph (828,000
kph).
Mercury
• Mercury:
• Distance from the Sun: ~57.9 million km
• Radius: 2,439.7 km
• One Day (Rotation Period): ~59 Earth days
• One Year (Orbital Period): ~88 Earth days
• Natural Satellites: None
• Atmosphere: Very thin, mostly composed of trace gases like helium
and sodium.
Venus
• Venus:
• One Day (Rotation Period): ~243 Earth days
• Natural Satellites: None
• Atmosphere: Dense, primarily composed of carbon dioxide with
clouds of sulfuric acid.
Earth
• Earth:
• Radius: 6,371 km
• One Day (Rotation Period): ~24 hours
• One Year (Orbital Period): ~365.25 days
• Natural Satellites: 1 (the Moon)
• Atmosphere: Nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), and trace gases.
Mars
• Mars:
• One Day (Rotation Period): ~24.6 hours
• Natural Satellites: 2 (Phobos and Deimos)
• Atmosphere: Thin, mostly carbon dioxide with traces of nitrogen and
argon.
Jupiter
• Jupiter:
• One Year (Orbital Period): ~11.9 Earth years
• Natural Satellites: 79 (including the four largest: Io, Europa,
Ganymede, and Callisto)
• Atmosphere: Primarily hydrogen and helium with traces of methane,
water vapor, and ammonia.
Saturn
• Saturn:
• Distance from the Sun: ~1.4 billion km
• One Year (Orbital Period): ~29.5 Earth years
• Natural Satellites: 83 (including Titan, Enceladus, and Mimas)
• Atmosphere: Predominantly hydrogen and helium, with traces of
methane.
Uranus
• Uranus:
• One Year (Orbital Period): ~84 Earth years
• Natural Satellites: 27 (including Titania, Oberon, and Miranda)
• Atmosphere: Mostly hydrogen and helium, with traces of methane.
Neptune
• Neptune:
• One Year (Orbital Period): ~165 Earth years
• Natural Satellites: 14 (including Triton and Nereid)
• Atmosphere: Primarily hydrogen and helium, with traces of methane
and ethane.
Earth
• Our home planet Earth is a rocky, terrestrial planet. It has a solid and active surface
with mountains, valleys, canyons, plains and so much more. Earth is special because it
is an ocean planet. Water covers 70% of Earth's surface.
• ur atmosphere is made mostly of nitrogen and has plenty of oxygen for us to breathe.
The atmosphere also protects us from incoming meteoroids, most of which break up
in our atmosphere before they can strike the surface as meteorites.
• Since we live here, you might think we know all there is to know about Earth. Not at
all, actually! We have a lot we can learn about our home planet. Right now, there are
many satellites orbiting Earth taking pictures and measurements. This is how we can
learn more about weather, oceans, soil, climate change, and many other important
topics.
Internal structure o Earth
• The structure of the earth is divided into four major components: the
crust, the mantle, the outer core, and the inner core. Each layer has a
unique chemical composition, physical state, and can impact life on
Earth's surface.
Crust
• Crust
• It is the outermost solid part of the earth, normally about 8-40 kms thick.
• It is brittle in nature.
• Nearly 1% of the earth’s volume and 0.5% of earth’s mass are made of the crust.
• The thickness of the crust under the oceanic and continental areas are different. Oceanic
crust is thinner (about 5kms) as compared to the continental crust (about 30kms).
• Major constituent elements of crust are Silica (Si) and Aluminium (Al) and thus, it is often
termed as SIAL (Sometimes SIAL is used to refer Lithosphere, which is the region
comprising the crust and uppermost solid mantle, also).
• The mean density of the materials in the crust is 3g/cm3.
• The discontinuity between the hydrosphere and crust is termed as the Conrad
Discontinuity.
Mantle
• Mantle
• The portion of the interior beyond the crust is called as the mantle.
• The discontinuity between the crust and mantle is called as the Mohorovich Discontinuity or Moho
discontinuity.
• The mantle is about 2900kms in thickness.
• Nearly 84% of the earth’s volume and 67% of the earth’s mass is occupied by the mantle.
• The major constituent elements of the mantle are Silicon and Magnesium and hence it is also termed
as SIMA.
• The density of the layer is higher than the crust and varies from 3.3 – 5.4g/cm3.
• The uppermost solid part of the mantle and the entire crust constitute the Lithosphere.
• The asthenosphere (in between 80-200km) is a highly viscous, mechanically weak and ductile,
deforming region of the upper mantle which lies just below the lithosphere.
• The asthenosphere is the main source of magma and it is the layer over which the lithospheric plates/
continental plates move (plate tectonics).
Core
• Core
• It is the innermost layer surrounding the earth’s centre.
• The core is separated from the mantle by Guttenberg’s Discontinuity.
• It is composed mainly of iron (Fe) and nickel (Ni) and hence it is also called as NIFE.
• The core constitutes nearly 15% of earth’s volume and 32.5% of earth’s mass.
• The core is the densest layer of the earth with its density ranges between 9.5-14.5g/cm3.
• The Core consists of two sub-layers: the inner core and the outer core.
• The inner core is in solid state and the outer core is in the liquid state (or semi-liquid).
• The discontinuity between the upper core and the lower core is called as Lehmann
Discontinuity.
• Barysphere is sometimes used to refer the core of the earth or sometimes the whole
interior.
SUN
The Sun is the star that is closest to Earth,
about 150 million kilometres away.
It is a huge ball of hot, burning gases.
The Sun has a thin layer of
atmosphere called CORONA.
It is this corona that
we see during solar eclipse
Sun
• The spherical sun has a diameter of about 1392000 km. The sun is so
big , a million Earths could fit into it. But it is still considered small
because stars are usually much much larger. In fact the Sun is called
the dwarf star. The Sun is made up of mainly hydrogen and a gas
called helium. At the centre of the Sun(also known as the core),
hydrogen changes into helium. This process releases a large amount
of heat and light energy( together called Solar energy). It is this light
and heat that we receive on Earth. Solar energy is the most important
source of Energy for man. It is almost inexhaustible.
Moon
Phases of Moon
Landing Of The Moon
• It is a long way indeed to the moon, but man has made a historical
trip. The first men to land on moon were the crew of American space
mission, Apollo 11. It was launched from the Kennedy Space Centre at
Florida, on July 16, 1969. The rocket that carried into space was
Saturn 5. Apollo 11 carried three American astronauts-Neil
Armstrong, Edwin Aldrin, and Michael Collins.
Landing Of The Moon
• Armstrong was the first to step out, and thus became the first man to
set foot on the moon on July 20, 1969. He and Aldrin stayed for two
and a half hours on the moon and collected rock samples to bring
back on Earth. These rocks have given scientists a lot of information
about the moon.
Eclipse
• An eclipse occurs when one heavenly body such as a moon or planet
moves into the shadow. The earth, along with the other planets,
revolves around the sun in its orbit. In turn, the moon revolves
around the earth in moon’s orbit. There comes a time when the three
heavenly bodies get aligned in a same straight line. This is when an
eclipse occurs. It is defined as an astronomical phenomenon which
occurs when one spatial object comes within the shadow of another
spatial object. This obstructs the observer from seeing one of them in
space. On earth, we witness two types of eclipses: solar and lunar. of
another heavenly body.
Lunar Eclipse
Solar Eclipse

Earth, Sun, and Moon

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Earth, Sun, and Moon

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Earth , Sun and Moon

• Our solar system is made up of a star, eight

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