STRENGTH

MEASUREMENT
PRESENTOR-AMRITA SIDDHANTA
MODERATOR-PROF SMITHA D
CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION

 COMPONENTS

 FACTORS

 PURPOSE

 METHODS

 REFERENCES
Lesson plan
Lesson plan number-1
Name of the presentor- Amrita siddhanta
Target group- second sem PG
Number of student- 41
Duration- 20 min
Date-10/07/23
Sl no Specific learning object content TL Teaching Duration
method learning
aid
1 Strength training Intro
measurement and Components 30 min
Gender differences in Factors Lecture method Audiovisual
muscle strength Purpose method
Method
Endurance
INTRODUCTION
The American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) has melded the terms
muscular strength, endurance, and power into a category termed muscular
fitness and included it as an integral portion of total health-related fitness
Muscular strength refers to the muscle’s ability to exert a maximal force on
one occasion
•Muscle strength can be measured as isometric , concentric and eccentric
muscle contraction.
The performance of a maximal repetitions (i.e., 4, 6, or 8 repetitions at a given
resistance) across a wider range can also be used to predict muscle strength.
muscular endurance is the muscle’s ability to continue to perform successive
exertions or repetitions against a submaximal load, and muscular power is the
muscle’s ability to exert force per unit of time (i.e., rate)
COMPONENTS EFFECT BY MUSCLE STRENGTH
• BONE MASS
• MUSCLE MASS
• GLUCOSE TOLERANCE
• FAT FREE MASS AND RESTING METABOLIC RATE
purpose
Diagnostic
 Examine the improvement patients status over time.
 Determine the extent of strength loss.
 Determine the need for compensatory measures
Help in the formation of treatment plan.
METHODS

CABLE TENSIOMETER

HAND HELD DYNAMOMETER

1RM

MMT
Cable Transiometer

 It’ s an instrument used to measures muscle force in static or isometric muscle action. With isometric

testing , muscle force is measured at a specifific joint angle.

 One end of the cable is attached to some fixed object(stable) and other end is attached to the limb

segment.

 As the cable is pulled , it presses on the tensiometer rises which is connected to a gauge that measures the

relative unit.

 This deflects the pointer and indicate the individual strength score.
CABLE TRANSIOMETER
Dynamometer
 Hand grip and back lift dynamometer are used to asses static strength.

 Both the device are operates on the principal of compression.

 Application of external force to the dynamometer compresses a steel spring and moves a pointer.

 Hand held dynamometry is an effiffifficient, objective, sensitive, and affordable alternative for strength
quantifification.

 A small portable device is held by examiner and placed against the persons limb during maximal
isometric contraction.

 specifific dynamometry are used to test grip , pinch, less commonly lingual and orbicularis-oris strength
 Hand held Back leg chest
Push and pull dynamometer
dynamometer dynamometer
One Repetition Maximum(1 RM )
The 1-RM the greatest resistance that can be moved through the full ROM in a controlled
manner with good posture, has been the standard for dynamic strength assessment.
Determination of 1 rm
 the term used to describe the maximal amount of weight that can be lifted with
one contraction is called the repetition maximum (rm).
the 1-rm is typically considered the gold standard measure of muscular strength.
the 1-rm test can be performed with any muscle group and can be tested using either free
weights or machines.
 multiple rm can be used, such as 4- or 8-rm
ASSESSMENT OF 1 RM BENCH PRESS AND LEG PRESS
The maximum weight (resistance) lifted with proper form for 1-rm for a particular
muscle action measures maximum eccentric/ concentric muscle strength.
 A trial and error approach determines the 1-rm strength value .
 After each successful single lift, the weight increase by 5 to 10 pounds until achieving the
maximum weight lifted
In general -upper-body strength include 1-rm values for bench press or military press
- lower-body strength include 1-rm values for leg press or leg extension
for calculating 1rm
upper body – find heaviest weight you can lift 4-6 times and plug it into this equation
(4.6rm ×1.1307) ˖ 0.6998. •
lower body (4-6rm × 1.09703) ˖14.2546
BENCH PRESS
LEG PRESS
MANUAL MUSCLE TESTING

 Manual muscle testing was first described by wright in 1912.

The five point medical research council scale is undoubtedly the most commonly used

scale.

This scale assesses muscle force with five grades although this scale is easy to use and

allows assessment without the use of tools it has been shown that the scale lacks accuracy

and responsiveness in ambulant patients with muscle weakness.

.
GRADE- MRC
GRADING REPRESENT AN EXAMINERS ASSESSMENT OF THE STRENGTH OR
WEAKNESS OF A MUSCLE OR MUSCLE GROUP.
MRC GRADING
• 0- NO CONTRACTION
• 1- FLICKERING CONTRACTION
• 2- FULL RANGE OF MOTION WITH ELIMINATED GRAVITY
• 3- FULL RANGE OF MOTION WITH AGAINST GRAVITY
• 4- FULL RANGE OF MOTION WITH AGAINST GRAVITY WITH MINIMAL
RESISTANCE.
• 5-FULL RANGE OF MOTION WITH AGAINST GRAVITY WITH MAXIMUM
RESISTANCE
MMT TEST
MUSCLE ENDURANCES
Muscular endurance is the ability of a muscle group to Execute repeated

contractions over a period of time sufficient to cause muscular

fatigue, or Maintain a specific percentage of the MVC for a
prolonged period of time

Total number of repetitions at a given amount of resistance is measured as

absolute muscular endurance

Number of repetitions performed at a percentage of the 1-RM (e.g., 70%) at

both pre- and post testing, is termed relative muscular endurance
PUSH UP- CURL UP

Maximum number of push-ups performed without rest evaluates the endurance of

upper-body muscles

Maximum number of curl-ups (crunch) performed without rest evaluates the endurance

of the abdominal muscle groups

PUSH UP
CURL UP
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN MUSCLE
STRENGTH
• Muscle strength is one of the important factors in determining the
muscle performance both in men and women

• There are many factors which determine the muscle performance.

• Some of them include

• age

• sex

• height

• physical build.
• The National Strength and Conditioning Association say women have two-thirds
of muscle mass and also physically built in general as men.

• There is a difference in strength of the muscles in males and many of the changes
are based on cross-sectional area of the muscle and body size

• Many studies have proven that when comparing with muscles of upper limb, the
strength of the muscles of lower limb is almost equal to men.
• Activities such as lunges and squats are easy to perform to women when compared
to pullups and pushups.

• Testosterone helps build lean body mass or muscle in males. The level of
testosterone and body mass or muscle is more in male when compared female.

• The gender difference is likely due to increase in levels of androgenic hormones,

more muscle mass, and more height and weight in male
• Estrogen tends to produce deposition of fat in females. When age advances,

boys have more levels of fat-free mass when compared to girls

• The muscle tissues are the same in both genders, but there can be difference in

fibers among them depending on genetic characters and regular activities.

• female muscles are generally more fatigue resistant and recover faster and

show less mechanical damage after exercise.

• Training is the one factor which increases muscle strength, endurance, and
performance of the individual

• In the modern world, physical inactivity is commonly seen among both sexes.

• Physical inactivity decreases the strength of the muscles which leads to changes in
muscle mass.
• It was shown that muscle strength in men decreased with age, starting at the age of
25 and reaching a loss of 54–89% at the age of 75.

• In women, however, a significant decrease has been observed only at the 5th
decade ie At the age of 75 muscle strength decreases by 48–92%..
• Maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) was higher in male participants than
female participants.

• This can be because of increased muscle power, endurance, and increased capacity
to perform greater in physically active men when compared to women. This may
also be due to hypertrophy of the different muscle fibers
Three types of muscle fibers which are responsible for muscle contraction are Type I
fibers (slow twitch), Type IIa fibers (fast twitch), and Type IIb fibers.

The number of fast-twitch fiber is more in men compared to women.

Where as in females type 1 fiber is more compared to male.

MUSCLE METABOLISM

• Complex differences in muscle metabolism during endurance exercise, with

women preferentially utilizing oxidative processes of muscle metabolism
(aerobic)
• Compared to men who rely more on glycolytic anaerobic processes have also
been proposed to give females a fatigue-resistant advantage using strength-
matched subjects.
• Women demonstrated longer endurance capacity, and faster recovery times
during adductor pollicis contractions, a muscle with similar fibre composition
for both gender.

• Metabolic differences between the gender have been proposed to account for
these results, with women preferentially using oxidative processes for muscle
metabolism
 CARDIOVASCULAR–ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
• The cardiovascular system, through physiological changes in blood pressure, heart
rate, and local blood flow, may explain the higher values for endurance capacity
shown by females.

• Several parameters of cardiovascular function have been shown to differ between

sexes during skeletal muscle exercise with attenuated increases for females
subjects in: mean arterial blood pressure, and perceived exertion rates, and heart
rates.
• There is an increasing body of evidence that supports the idea that pre-
menopausal females are more fatigue-resistant or have higher values of
endurance capacity than men under certain conditions: isometric exercise,
contractions to either task failure or point of fatigue

•
SUMMARY
Muscle strength is the amount of force generated by muscle contraction.
 Componentes effected by muscle strength
Factors effecting and purpose
Different method for muscle strength
Isometric – cable transiometer and Hand held dynamometer
Ecentric and concentric- 1 RM
1 rm bench press and leg press according to gender
MMT
Muscle endurance
Gender differences in muscle strength
 REFERNCES
• AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SPORTS MEDICINE. ACSM'S GUIDELINES FOR EXERCISE TESTING AND PRESCRIPTION.
LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS; 2017 MAR

• Mohan S, Geetha MB, Padmavathi R. Study of gender variation in muscle function among young adults.
Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2017;7(8):793-796

• Glenmark B, Nilsson M, Gao H, Gustafsson JA, Dahlman-Wright K, Westerblad H. Difference in skeletal

muscle function in males vs. females: role of estrogen receptor-β. American Journal of Physiology-
Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2004 Dec;287(6):E1125-31.
THANK TOU