GROUP 4

AUTOMOBILE BRAKES
 CONTENTS

1. HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF BRAKES

2. CLASSIFICATION OF BRAKE
3. COMPOUNDS OF BRAKE
4. ADVANCEMENT OF BRAKE
5. BRAKE IN MERCEDES BENZ
 INTRODUCTION

❏ A Braking System is designed to control and halt the moving automobile vehicle.

❏ It accomplishes this by converting the car’s kinetic energy into heat energy by friction,
which is then dissipated to reduce the car’s speed or bring it to a complete stop.
 HOW IT WORKS….?

“The kinetic energy of vehicleis

converted to thermal energy through
friction ”
 HISTORY OF BRAKES

WOODEN BLOCK BRAKES

❏ The first wheeled vehicle brake system consisted of a block of wood and a lever as
brake mechanism.
❏ The system consisted only of wooden blocks and a single lever used by the driver to
apply the brake.
❏ These brakes were commonly used on horse-drawn carriages and steam powered
cars.
❏ They were effective on low speeds of these vehicles, but they would
quickly approach their limits when used in higher energy applications.
❏ When rubber tires were introduced in the 1890s, wooden block brakes
became obsolete.
MECHANICAL DRUM BRAKES
❏ In 1899, an engineer by the name of Gottlieb Daimler came up with a
new idea for brakes.

❏ Daimler’s system worked by wrapping a cable around a drum coupled

to a cars wheel, As the cable was tightened the wheels would slow
down by friction.

❏ In 1902 Louis Renault would patent the concept as drum brake which
involved a flexible steel band lined with woven asbestos that wrapped
around the steel drum.
INTERNAL DRUM BRAKE
❏ The exposed friction material of the Renault’s design made it less effective when
exposed to element such as dirt and water etc, to resolve this an internal braking
system was developed.

❏ As the shoes in drum brakes wear, brakes required regular manual adjustment
until the introduction of self-adjusting drum brakes in the 1950s.

❏ In earlier days mechanical cam was used to actuate brake shoes in drum brake
which was replaced by hydraulic cylinder.
❏ A drum brake consists of a drum, a housing connected
to the wheel, brake shoes, which are fitted in the
housing and a slave cylinder connected to master
cylinder that is connected to the brake pedal.

❏ When the brake pedal is pushed the slave cylinder

causes the brake shoes to rub against the inside of the
rotating drum, creating friction and ultimately slowing
down the wheel to a complete stop
HYDRAULIC BRAKES
❏ In 1917 Malcolm Lockheed invented and was granted a patent for hydraulic brakes.
❏ Application of a hydraulic fluid changed a lot.
❏ Firstly, the braking force was increased.
❏ Secondly, the problem of cracking and loosening cables was eliminated, as a result
of which brakes became more convenient to use.
❏ Over the past century these systems have been developed and refined into the
modern hydraulic braking system
 DISC BRAKE
❏ In 1890 Lanchester motors developed disc brakes.
❏ The first system used a cable operated clamping device called caliper that would grab a thin
copper disc that was coupled to the wheel.
❏ It was first adopted to aircrafts and tanks, in 1949 first four wheeled hydraulic disc brake
system appeared on compact car manufacturer Crosley.
❏ But it proved to be problematic as the aircraft calipers used could not hold up to the repeated
use of driving
❏ In 1953, Jaguar used disc brakes on its racing car at the Le Mans 24 hour racing event,
and won the race, surprising everyone with its braking capabilities.
❏ The disc brakes fitted on the Jaguar racing car outlasted the other cars having drum
brakes and thus made its winning debut , Since then disc brakes have been used in mass
produced cars.
❏ The Citroen DS was the first sustained mass production use of modern automotive disc
brakes, in 1955.
❏ Disc brakes were most popular on sports car when they were
first introduced since these vehicles are more demanding
about brake performance.
❏ Discs have now become the more common form in most
passenger vehicles, although many use drum brakes on the
rear wheels to keep costs and weight down as well as to
simplify the provisions for a parking brake.
 COMBINATION VALVES

❏ It is a combination of three valves namely

- Proportional Valve
- Metering Valve
- Pressure differential switch
PROPORTIONING VALVE
❏ The brake proportioning valve controls the pressure between your front and rear brakes to
make sure a rear lock up doesn’t happen in case of emergency braking.

❏ It does this by regulating the amount of pressure that goes to your rear brakes.
METERING VALVE
❏ A metering valve is a device found in the braking systems of vehicles with rear
drum brakes and front disc brakes.

❏ A metering valve will control fluid flow from the master cylinder causing the rear
drum brakes to engage just before the front disc brakes.

❏ This allows the car to settle evenly under braking instead of nose diving.
PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL SWITCH
The pressure differential valve is the device that alerts you if you have a leak in
one of your brake circuits by detecting the pressure difference and illuminating
the brake warning light.
HISTORY OF ABS
❏ In 1920 the French automobile and aircraft pioneer Gabriel Voisin experimented with
systems that modulated the hydraulic braking pressure on his aircraft brakes to reduce the
risk of tire slippage.

❏ This braking technology served the same basic function as today’s ABS, It prevented
wheels from locking up during a rapid deceleration period, or on slick surfaces.

❏ ABS remained an aircraft-only thing for a few decades, until, in the 1958, it was
implemented on ROYAL ENFIELD SUPER METEOR motorcycles.

❏ The modern ABS system was invented in 1971 by Mario Palazzetti in the Fiat Research
Center and is now standard in almost every car.
 CLASSIFICATION OF BRAKING

Automobile brakes can be classified based on various criteria, such as the mechanism of
operation, location, and purpose.
Here's a classification based on different aspects:

[Link] on Mechanism of Operation:

• Disc Brakes:
• Hydraulic Disc Brakes
• Mechanical Disc Brakes
• Drum Brakes:
• Hydraulic Drum Brakes
• Mechanical Drum Brakes
 TYPES OF BRAKING

[Link] on Location:
• Front Brakes:
Often disc brakes for better heat dissipation.
• Rear Brakes:
Can be disc or drum brakes, depending on the vehicle.

3. Based on Purpose:
❏ Service Brakes
❏ Parking Brake (Emergency Brake)
❏ Anti-lock Braking System (ABS)
❏ Regenerative Braking
 TYPES OF BRAKING

[Link] on Actuation:
❏ Hydraulic Brakes:
Use hydraulic fluid to transmit force.
Includes both disc and drum brakes.

❏ Mechanical Brakes:
❏ Use cables or rods to transmit force.
❏ Includes both disc and drum brakes.

❏ Air Brakes:
❏ Use compressed air for actuation, common in heavy-duty vehicles.
 TYPES OF BRAKING

[Link] on Control:
❑ Conventional Brakes:
Traditional braking systems without advanced electronic controls.
❑ Electronic Brakes:
Include systems like Electronic Stability Control (ESC) and Brake Assist.

[Link] on Energy Conversion:

❑ Friction Brakes:
Convert kinetic energy into heat through friction.
Includes disc and drum brakes.
❑ Regenerative Brakes:
Convert kinetic energy into electrical energy for storage or immediate reuse.
 HYDRAULIC BRAKE

❑ Hydraulic brakes are a common type of braking

system used in automobiles.

❑ The principle of their operation involves the

transmission of force through a fluid (hydraulic
fluid or brake fluid) to apply the brakes

❑ The key components of a hydraulic brake system

include:
1. Brake pedal
2. Master cylinder
3. Brake lines
4. Brake calipers (or wheel cylinders)
5. Brake pads (or brake shoes)
 HYDRAULIC BRAKE

❑ The use of hydraulic fluid ensures that the force applied at the
brake pedal is evenly distributed to each wheel, providing
effective and controlled braking.

❑ The hydraulic brake system is known for its reliability and

ability to provide consistent braking performance.

❑ Additionally, it allows for power-assisted braking systems, such

as vacuum boosters or hydraulic boosters, to enhance braking
efficiency.
 BRAKE BLEEDING

• Brake fluid can be thought of as a moveable rod which functions to

activate the mechanical parts that actually stop the vehicle.
• Bleeding the brakes flushes the old brake fluid out of the master
cylinder, brake lines, calipers and wheel cylinders and replaces it with
fresh fluid.
Bleeding is necessary for two reasons:
1. To remove air bubbles that may have entered the system while
repairs were being made, because of a leak or because the fluid level
got too low. The air must be removed because it is compressible and
can prevent a full, firm pedal.
2. To remove moisture contamination. Brake fluid needs to be replaced
periodically because DOT 3 and 4 brake fluids are glycol-based and absorb
moisture over time. Moisture enters the system passed seals and through
microscopic pores in hoses
 MECHANICAL BRAKE
❑ Mechanical brakes operate based on the principle of
converting mechanical force, usually applied through a
cable or linkage, into stopping force
❑ In this braking system, a particular force is applied to
the pedal and it’s carried to the final drum by
mechanical components such as a fulcrum, springs, and
that are used as linkages to transmit force from one
point to another, for slowing down the vehicle
❑ In many cases, the mechanical brake system
also serves as the parking brake (handbrake or
emergency brake).
 PARKING BRAKE

A parking brake, also known as a handbrake or emergency brake, is a mechanism used to keep
a parked vehicle stationary. It's a secondary braking system independent of the main service
brakes. While its primary purpose is to prevent the vehicle from rolling when parked, it can
also serve as an emergency brake in case the main braking system fails.
 PNEUMATIC BRAKES

❏ Pneumatic brakes use compressed air to actuate the braking system, and they are
commonly found in heavy-duty vehicles, such as trucks and buses

❏ It operates on compressed air helps in charging up the entire braking system to

maintain optimum pressure.

❏ The charged-up lines make sure for the brakes to be dis-engaged, the very
moment the driver applies the force onto the pedal the air pressure drops.

❏ Due to this sudden drop of pressure, the control reservoir, and gets disconnected
causing the auxiliary cylinder to be connected to the brake cylinder, Compressed
air from the auxiliary cylinder gets to the brake cylinder causing it to be more
engaged
 BRAKE FADING

Brake fading is a phenomenon that occurs when the braking performance of a vehicle decreases ov
a period of sustained or heavy braking. This reduction in braking efficiency can result from variou
factors, and it's important for drivers to be aware of the potential consequences

Here are some common causes of brake fading:

❏ Heat Buildup: Braking generates heat, and excessive heat can lead to
brake fade. If the braking system doesn't adequately dissipate the
heat, it can cause the brake components, such as brake pads and
rotors, to lose their effectiveness.

❏ Fluid Boiling: Brake fluid plays a crucial role in transmitting the

braking force. If the brake fluid gets too hot and begins to boil, it can
create air bubbles, reducing the effectiveness of the brake system .
❏ Pad and Rotor Material: Low-quality brake pads or rotors may be
more prone to fading. High-performance driving or towing heavy
loads can accelerate wear and lead to brake fade.

❏ Brake System Design: Some brake systems are more prone to

fading due to their design. For example, drum brakes are
generally more susceptible to fade than disc brakes.

❏ Overheated Tires: In high-performance driving, the tires can also

contribute to brake fading. Overheated tires may reduce grip,
requiring more reliance on the brakes and generating additional
heat.
 CALCULATION OF BRAKE FORCE

Mechanical Brakes:
For mechanical brakes, the brake force (F) can be
calculated using the formula:
F= μ*N
Where,
❏ F is the brake force,
❏ μ is the coefficient of friction between the brake
lining and the brake drum or disc,
❏ N is the normal force or the force pressing the
brake lining against the drum or disc
 Hydraulic Brakes:
For hydraulic brakes, the brake force is often calculated based on the pressure in the brake fluid and
the effective area of the brake piston.
The formula is: F=P*A
where:
❏ F is the brake force,
❏ P is the pressure in the brake fluid,
❏ A is the effective area of the brake piston.
The pressure (P) can be calculated using the equation:
Pressure=Force applied/ area of piston
Where,
Force applied​is the force applied to the brake pedal and piston area ​is the area of the brake piston
 COMPONENTS OF BRAKING

BRAKE DISC

TYPES OF BRAKE DISC:

1. Flat Brake Disc
2. Vented Brake Disc
3. Drilled Brake Disc
4. Slotted or Grooved Brake Disc
5. Combination – Slotted and Drilled Brake Disc
 FLAT BRAKE DISC
• The basic brake disc itself is a flat, smooth disc made
usually of iron, affixed to the rotating axle spindle.
Many cars, particularly smaller vehicles, are supplied
with these as their lower weight makes them adequate
for the job and they’re relatively cheap to produce and
replace.
• They possess excellent braking power due to the large
surface area in contact with the pad - but can lose
effectiveness during prolonged braking periods.
 VENTED BRAKE DISC
• To assist the disc in dissipating excess heat, a vented design is
needed, which looks like two discs sandwiched with spokes
between allowing gaps to be present. This allows the heat
generated by the contact surfaces to more easily escape by
radiating out the back and out via the vents between the two
faces.
 DRILLED BRAKE DISC
• Another way discs can stay cool is by increasing the surface
area by drilling holes completely through them. These holes
also provide an escape route for heat, gas and waste material,
preventing it from building up on the contact surfaces.
• They also slightly reduce the weight of discs through the drilled
out material
 SLOTTED BRAKE DISC
• Adding slots or grooves to a disc works in a similar way to drilled
discs in that they work to remove excess heat, gas, and material
from the friction surface – but without weakening the heat
resistance of the disc.
• The groves radiate out from the centre of the disc at a particular
angle to vent the waste out and away with the rotation of the disc.
• These types of disc tend to be noisier than others as the grooves
scrub the pads.
 COMBINATION-SLOTTED AND DRILLED

• Having a combination of slots and holes in a disc is a common

compromise that works to obtain the benefit of both while
minimising the downsides.
• Reducing the number of holes keeps the heat resistance high
while still allowing waste to be channelled away, and the
reduction in the number of slots reduces the noise generated while
again still allowing pads to be scrubbed and renewed
 DRUM BRAKE

• Friction is generated by pressing the brake linings against

the inside surfaces of the drums. This friction converts
kinetic energy into thermal energy. Drum rotation helps to
press the shoes and the lining against the drum with more
force, offering superior braking force in comparison with
disc brakes.
 STRUCTURE OF DRUM BRAKES
• Drum brakes are a brake system with brake drums (rotor) which rotate with the
wheels. Inside each drum are brake shoes fitted with brake linings (friction
material). Pistons (pressure mechanism) press against the drums from the inside
to generate braking force, thus making is possible to decelerate and stop the
vehicle.
HOW DRUM BRAKES WORK
MAIN COMPONENTS OF DRUM BRAKE
MASTER CYLINDER SLAVE
CYLINDER
 TYPES OF DRUM BRAKES

1. Leading/trailing shoe type drum brake

2. Twin leading shoe type drum brake

3. Duo servo type drum brake

 LEADING/TRAILING SHOE TYPE DRUM BRAKE
• "Leading (or primary) shoe" is a term referring to the shoe that
moves in the direction of rotation when it is being pressed
against the drum. The other shoe is called the “trailing
(secondary) shoe.” The leading shoe is pressed in the same
direction as the rotation of the drums, and this rotation helps to
press the shoes against the drum with greater pressure for
stronger braking force. This is called the servo effect (self-
boosting effect) which realizes the powerful braking forces of
drum brakes.
• Generally, this type is used for the rear brakes of passenger
cars.
 TWIN LEADING SHOE TYPE DRUM BRAKE

• This type of drum brake has two wheel cylinders and two
leading shoes. Each wheel cylinder presses on one shoe, so that
both shoes act as leading ones when the vehicle moves forward,
providing superior braking force.
• Each of the pistons housed in the wheel cylinders displace in
one direction, so when the vehicle is in reverse both shoes act
as trailing ones.
• This type is used mainly for the front brakes of small-to-
midsize trucks.
 DUO SERVO TYPE DRUM BRAKE

• The duo servo type features a structure where two brake shoes,
called the primary shoe and secondary shoe, are linked via an
adjuster. Strong pressure from the servo effect (self-boosting
effect) of the primary shoe is transmitted to the linked
secondary shoe, thus generated a very large braking force.
• This type is mainly used for parking brakes on passenger cars,
the centre brakes on trucks, and brakes on forklifts.
 BRAKE CALIPER

• The brake caliper is a housing for the brake pads and is

responsible for transforming hydraulic pressure into
mechanical force. When the driver pushes the brake pedal,
the hydraulic pressure from the master cylinder is
transmitted to the brake caliper. As the hydraulic pressure
reaches the brake caliper, it enters the caliper housing and
exerts a force on the pistons inside. The pistons, typically
made of metal or composite materials, respond to the
hydraulic pressure by moving outward from their original
positions within the caliper housing.
 CONSTRUCTION OF A BRAKE CALIPER

▪ Caliper Housing: The caliper's main body houses the other

components and encloses the brake pads and rotor.
▪ Pistons: These are cylindrical components located inside the
caliper housing. When hydraulic pressure is applied, the pistons
extend outward to push the brake pads against the rotor.
▪ Seals and Dust Boots: These ensure a tight and reliable seal
around the pistons, protecting them from dirt and contaminants.
Proper seals are vital to prevent brake fluid leaks and maintain
hydraulic pressure.
▪ Brake Pad Clips: These clips securely hold the brake pads within
the caliper.
▪ Bleeder Screw: A small screw used to release air and excess
brake fluid from the caliper during brake bleeding procedures.
TYPES OF BRAKE CALIPERS

1. Floating Calipers

2. Fixed Calipers

3. Sliding Calipers
1. FLOATING CALIPERS
Floating calipers are the most common type used in modern
vehicles. They have one or two pistons on one side of the rotor.
When the brakes are applied, the caliper slides inward, causing the
piston(s) to press the brake pads against the rotor. Floating
calipers are relatively simple and cost-effective, widely used in
various vehicles.
2. FIXED CALIPERS
Fixed calipers have pistons on both sides of the rotor, providing
more even pressure distribution and improved braking performance.
Unlike floating calipers, fixed calipers do not slide; they remain
stationary during braking. This design reduces caliper flexing and
ensures a more consistent brake pad-to-rotor contact.
3. SLIDING CALIPERS
Sliding calipers are also known as pin-slide calipers. They have
one or two pistons on one side of the rotor, similar to floating
calipers. However, sliding calipers use pins or sliders to allow the
caliper to move back and forth slightly during braking. This design
helps equalize pressure on both sides of the rotor and promotes even
brake pad wear.
CALIPER DESIGN AND VARIATIONS BASED ON
VEHICLE TYPE

• High-performance vehicles may use larger and more rigid calipers to

handle the increased braking forces generated during aggressive driving.
On the other hand, economy cars may have smaller and more lightweight
calipers to optimize fuel efficiency and cost-effectiveness.
• Some vehicles may also feature advanced caliper designs, such as multi-
piston or carbon-ceramic calipers. Multi-piston calipers provide better
control and more even pressure distribution. Carbon-ceramic calipers are
lightweight and offer improved heat dissipation. This enhances their
braking performance.
 DISK PADS

Types of disk pads

1. ORGANIC BRAKE PADS

2. CERAMIC BRAKE PADS
3. SEMI-METALLIC BRAKE PADS
1. ORGANIC BRAKE PADS
• Initially made from asbestos, a heat-absorbing material well-suited for
the wear and tear that brake pads take on. Asbestos was discovered to be
a highly-potent carcinogen, causing cancer.
• 67% of new vehicles sold within the United States, are made of a
mixture of fibers and materials such as rubber, carbon compounds, glass
or fiberglass, and KevlarⓇ, and are bound together with resin
• Lower price
• Also tend to be quiet and don’t put much stress on the brake rotors.
• Long life to rotor and pad will not last much more due to less metal
composite
• In extreme weather or extreme heat it will not perform
. CERAMIC BRAKE PADS
• Material is ceramic that used to make pottery and plates is very
similar.
• Denser and considerably more durable.
• Noise-Level: Ceramic brake pads are very quiet, creating little-to-
no extra sound when the brakes are applied.
• Wear & Tear Residue: Compared to organic brake pads, ceramic
brake pads tend to produce less dust and other particles as they
wear down.
• Temperature & Driving Conditions: Compared to organic brake
pads, ceramic brake pads can be more reliable in a broader range
of temperatures and driving conditions.
3. SEMI-METALLIC BRAKE PADS
• Semi metallic brake pads are different from fully metal brake
pads in that they use fillers to create the pad compound instead
of using 100% metal
• Reserved for truly extreme braking requirements
• 30% and 70% metal, including copper, iron, steel, and other
composite alloys. These various metals are combined with
graphite lubricant and other fillers to complete the brake pad.
• Offer improved braking performance in a much more
comprehensive range of temperatures and conditions. Because
metal is such a good conductor of heat.
 BRAKE FLUIDS

• Brake fluid is a type of hydraulic fluid used in hydraulic brake and

hydraulic clutch applications in automobiles, motorcycles, light trucks, and
some bicycles. It is used to transfer force into pressure, and to amplify
braking force. It works because liquids are not appreciably compressible.
• There are few types of brake fluids
a) DOT 3
b) DOT 4
c) DOT 5
d) DOT 5.1
• Higher the number higher the boiling point
 DOT 3, 4, 4+ and 5.1

• Fluids are hygroscopic and glycol based.

• Absorb moisture from the atmosphere.
• Non-compressibility - For effective force transfer
• Low viscosity - For compatibility with ABS
• Lubricity - For lubricating the sealings
• Corrosion resistance - For protecting braking system components
• High boiling point - For resisting high temperatures and not vaporizing,
which would affect the transfer of the braking force.
• All glycol-based brake fluids need to be handled carefully because they can
damage the paintwork of the vehicle or motorcycle
• Every 2 years wants to replace
 DOT 5

• This is hydrophobic property which repels with water.

• Will not lubricate ABS
• Silicon based fluid
• No need to change periodically
• It will not affect the paint
• Mainly used in heavy vehicles in military and extreme cold
condition
 DOT 4+

• Brake Fluid DOT 4 PLUS provides extended operational life

to the brake components of a car by (a) offering a longer
protection against corrosion during service life, i.e. by
retaining a high reserve alkalinity over ageing, and (b)
providing a better protection against corrosion at saline
conditions. Brake Fluid DOT 4 PLUS has been designed for
low viscosity performance at low temperature offering the
potential of rapid response in advanced brake control
systems, such as Electronic Stability Programme (ESP)
BRAKE LINE CIRCUIT
 ADVANCEMENT IN BRAKING

Regenerative Braking

• which is a technology used in some electric and hybrid vehicles.

Regenerative braking is a mechanism that allows a vehicle to recover
some of the kinetic energy that is typically lost as heat during
braking.
• In vehicles equipped with regenerative braking, the electric motor
essentially works in reverse when the driver applies the brakes.
Instead of using energy to propel the vehicle, the electric motor acts
as a generator, converting the kinetic energy back into electrical
energy.
 ADVANCEMENT IN BRAKING

• Energy Storage: The electrical energy generated during

regenerative braking is often stored in a battery for later use.
This stored energy can then be used to power the vehicle
during acceleration or at other times when additional power
is needed.
• Improved Efficiency: The key advantage of regenerative
braking is improved energy efficiency. By recapturing and
reusing some of the energy that would otherwise be lost as
heat, regenerative braking systems can increase the overall
efficiency of the vehicle and contribute to longer electric
driving ranges in electric and hybrid vehicles.
ADVANCEMENT IN BRAKING
 COMPONENTS IN REGENERATIVE BRAKING

Electric Motor/Generator:

The electric motor in an electric or hybrid vehicle serves a dual

purpose. During acceleration, it acts as a motor to drive the wheels,
and during regenerative braking, it functions as a generator. When
the driver applies the brakes, the electric motor switches to generator
mode, converting kinetic energy into electrical energy.
 ADVANCEMENT IN BRAKING

Inverter:
The inverter is responsible for converting the alternating current
(AC).generated by the electric motor during regenerative braking into
Direct current (DC). This conversion is necessary for compatibility
with the vehicle's electrical system and the energy storage system.
 ADVANCEMENT IN BRAKING

• DC/DC Converter:.

In hybrid and electric vehicles, the DC/DC converter adjusts the

voltage level between the high-voltage battery (used for drive) and
the low-voltage electrical system (used for accessories and other
components).
 ADVANCEMENT IN BRAKING

• Energy Storage System (Battery):

The electrical energy generated during regenerative braking is
stored in a high-voltage battery. This battery is a crucial
component of the regenerative braking system, as it stores the
captured energy for later use during acceleration or other high-
power demands.
 ADVANCEMENT IN BRAKING

• Brake Pedal and Hydraulic Brake System:

In a regenerative braking system, the brake pedal is often designed to

allow for blended braking. When the driver applies the brakes, the
system can determine the appropriate balance between regenerative
braking (using the electric motor as a generator) and traditional
friction braking (using the mechanical brake system with brake pads
and discs).
 ADVANCEMENT IN BRAKING

• Control System:
The control system manages the coordination between regenerative
braking and traditional braking. It determines the optimal amount of
regenerative braking based on factors such as the state of charge of the
battery, the vehicle's speed, and the driver's braking input.
 ADVANCEMENT IN BRAKING

• Vehicle Control Unit (VCU):

The VCU is a central control unit that oversees various
vehicle functions, including the regenerative braking system.
It communicates with different components to ensure smooth
operation and efficiency.
 ADVANCEMENT IN BRAKING

Anti lock brake system

(ABS) is a safety feature in modern vehicles

designed to prevent wheel lockup during braking. It
is a crucial component of a car's braking system and
enhances vehicle control and stability during heavy
braking or in slippery conditions.
 ADVANCEMENT IN BRAKING

• Wheel Speed Sensors: ABS relies on wheel speed

sensors located at each wheel or sometimes in the
differential. These sensors monitor the speed of each
wheel.
 ADVANCEMENT IN BRAKING

• Electronic Control Unit (ECU): The information from

the wheel speed sensors is sent to the ABS electronic
control unit, which processes the data in real-time.
 ADVANCEMENT IN BRAKING

• Modulator Valves: The ABS system has modulator

valves for each brake. These valves can modulate brake
pressure independently for each wheel.
 ADVANCEMENT IN BRAKING

• Pulse Modulation: If the ABS detects that a wheel is

about to lock up (i.e., the wheel is rotating significantly
slower than the others), it momentarily reduces brake
pressure to that wheel. This is done by modulating the
pressure using rapid pulses, allowing the wheel to
continue rotating.
 ADVANCEMENT IN BRAKING

• Release and Reapply:

Once the ABS system detects that the wheel speed is
back within an acceptable range, it releases the brake
pressure and allows normal braking to resume. If
needed, this process can occur many times per second.
 Electronic Brakeforce Distribution (EBD)

Electronic Brakeforce Distribution (EBD) is a technology that is

commonly used in modern vehicles to optimize the distribution
of braking force between the front and rear wheels. Traditional
braking systems often apply the same amount of braking force to
all four wheels, regardless of the load each wheel is carrying.
EBD, on the other hand, takes into account the dynamic
conditions of the vehicle, such as its weight distribution,
acceleration, and deceleration.
Brakeforce Distribution (EBD) works by using sensors
and control systems to monitor various factors related
to the vehicle's dynamics and braking conditions.
Electronic

Sensor Inputs:

● EBD relies on various sensors within the vehicle to

gather information about its dynamic behavior.
These sensors may include wheel speed sensors,
accelerometers, and other relevant sensors.
Monitoring Vehicle Conditions:
● The system continuously monitors the vehicle's
conditions, such as weight distribution, acceleration,
deceleration, and individual wheel speeds.
Data Processing:

● The gathered data is processed by the EBD control

unit, which is usually part of the vehicle's electronic
control system.
Dynamic Brake Force Distribution:
● Based on the processed data, the EBD system calculates the
optimal brake force distribution between the front and rear
wheels. The goal is to prevent wheel lockup and skidding,
especially in emergency braking situations or when the vehicle
is heavily loaded.
Adjusting Brake Pressure:
● EBD adjusts the brake pressure to each wheel independently. If
the system detects that one set of wheels is carrying more load
than the other, it can direct more braking force to those
wheels. This prevents premature lockup of any particular wheel
and optimizes overall braking performance.
Enhancing Stability and Control:
● By dynamically adjusting brake force distribution, EBD
helps improve the stability and control of the vehicle
during braking. It contributes to preventing skidding,
reducing stopping distances, and maintaining directional
stability.
Integration with ABS:
● EBD is often integrated with the Anti-lock Braking System
(ABS). ABS prevents wheel lock up during braking by
modulating brake pressure rapidly, and EBD complements
this by fine-tuning the brake force distribution for optimal
performance.
Electronic Stability Program (ESP)

The Electronic Stability Program (ESP), also known by various other names
such as Electronic Stability Control (ESC), Dynamic Stability Control
(DSC), or Vehicle Stability Control (VSC), is a safety system designed to
help drivers maintain control of their vehicles during certain challenging
driving conditions.
Sensors:
● The system uses various sensors to monitor the vehicle's
dynamic behavior. These sensors include wheel speed
sensors, steering angle sensors, yaw rate sensors, and
accelerometers.
Continuous Monitoring:
● ESP continuously monitors the vehicle's speed, steering
input, and individual wheel speeds in real-time.
Comparison of Intended Path and Actual Path:
● The system compares the driver's intended direction
(based on steering input) with the actual path the vehicle
is taking. If it detects a discrepancy that could lead to
skidding or loss of control, the ESP system intervenes.
Selective Brake Application:
● ESP can selectively apply brakes to individual wheels to
counteract oversteer or understeer. Oversteer occurs
when the rear of the vehicle starts sliding out, while
understeer occurs when the front tires lose grip during a
turn.
Throttle Intervention:
● Some ESP systems also have the capability to modulate
engine power (throttle intervention) to help bring the
vehicle back on course.
Stability Enhancement:
● The primary goal of ESP is to enhance the stability of the
vehicle. It does so by preventing or mitigating skidding
and slides, especially in situations such as rapid turns,
sudden lane changes, or slippery road conditions.
Coordinated Control with ABS and TCS:
● ESP is often integrated with the Anti-lock Braking System
(ABS) and Traction Control System (TCS). This integration
allows for coordinated control of braking and traction to
optimize stability.
Safety Impact:
● ESP is a significant safety feature, especially in situations
where a vehicle might lose traction, such as on icy or wet
roads. It helps prevent accidents related to loss of control
and contributes to overall vehicle safety.
The Electronic Stability Program is now a standard

feature in many vehicles and is mandated in some

regions. It has proven to be effective in reducing the

risk of accidents by enhancing vehicle stability and

control in challenging driving conditions.

 BRAKES IN MERCEDES BENZ

Mercedes-Benz employs advanced brake technologies to enhance

safety, performance, and overall driving experience.

[Link] braking
[Link] braking
[Link] ASSIST (BAS)
[Link] Stability Program (ESP)
[Link]-by-wire (BBW)
 BRAKES IN MERCEDES BENZ

Adaptive Brake Technology

Mercedes-Benz often integrates adaptive brake systems that can automatically adjust
brake force based on driving conditions. This includes features like
•Predictive braking
when the driver leg off the accelerator pedal the brake pads automatically come
closer to the rotor without pressing the brake pedal
 BRAKES IN MERCEDES BENZ

HILL START ASSIST

When the vehicle is on an incline and the driver releases the brake pedal,
the active system automatically holds the brakes for a short period. Once
the driver begins to accelerate, the Hill Start Assist releases the brakes,
allowing the vehicle to move forward.
 BRAKES IN MERCEDES BENZ

Brake drying
When the sensors detect wet or rainy conditions, the brake drying system may be
activated. The system may lightly and intermittently apply the brakes without direct
input from the driver. This is done to keep the brake discs dry and prevent them
from becoming too wet
 BRAKES IN MERCEDES BENZ

AUTO HOLD
"Auto Hold" or "Brake Hold" is a feature that allows a driver to come to a complete
stop in traffic without continuously pressing the brake pedal. The system holds the
brakes for you until you press the accelerator, making stop-and-go traffic more
convenient

[Link]
 BRAKES IN MERCEDES BENZ

ACTIVE BRAKING
Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) (Pre safe brake)
Pre-Safe Brake uses advanced sensors, such as radar and cameras, to monitor the road ahead. The
system is designed to detect potential collisions with vehicles or obstacles. If the driver fails to
respond to the warnings and a collision is still imminent, the Pre-Safe Brake system can
autonomously apply the brakes to reduce the severity of the impact or, in some cases, avoid the
collision altogether. In addition to applying the brakes, the Pre-Safe system can take other measures
to prepare the vehicle and its occupants for an impending collision. This may include adjusting seat
positions, closing windows, and tightening seat belts to optimize the effectiveness of the safety
systems.
[Link]

[Link]
 BRAKES IN MERCEDES BENZ

BRAKE ASSIST (BAS)

Which is designed to detect emergency braking situations and boost the
braking power to help the driver stop more quickly

[Link]
 BRAKES IN MERCEDES BENZ

Electronic Stability Program (ESP)

● ESP is a sophisticated safety system designed to enhance vehicle stability and control,
especially in challenging driving conditions. ESP work with help of ASR,ETS,ABS
● ESP helps prevent wheel slip during acceleration by adjusting engine power or applying
brake force to specific wheels.
● If it detects that the vehicle is losing stability, such as during oversteer (rear-wheel skid)
or understeer (front-wheel skid), ESP intervenes by selectively applying brakes to
individual wheels to bring the vehicle back on course.

[Link]
 BRAKES IN MERCEDES BENZ

Acceleration Slip Regulation (ASR)

•ASR monitors the rotational speed of each wheel. If it detects
that one or more wheels are slipping, indicating a loss of
traction, it takes corrective actions.
• ASR can reduce engine power (adjust the throttle) to prevent
excessive wheel spin. By limiting the amount of power
delivered to the slipping wheels, it helps maintain traction and
stability during acceleration.
• In addition to adjusting the throttle, ASR can apply braking
force to specific wheels. This selective braking helps transfer
power to the wheels with better traction, further preventing
wheel spin.
 BRAKES IN MERCEDES BENZ

Electronic Traction System (ETS)

The Electronic Traction System (ETS) is a traction control system ,particularly
those equipped with 4MATIC all-wheel drive. ETS works to improve stability
and prevent wheel spin during acceleration. It operates by selectively braking
individual wheels or adjusting engine power to optimize traction.
 BRAKES IN MERCEDES BENZ

ABS
The primary function of ABS is to prevent the wheels from locking up during hard braking.
When a driver applies the brakes forcefully, especially in emergency situations, there is a
risk that the wheels could lock, leading to a loss of steering control. wheel is about to lock
up, it momentarily releases and reapplies brake pressure in a rapid pulsating manner(in 1s
upto 100). This allows the wheel to continue rotating, preventing it from skidding
 BRAKES IN MERCEDES BENZ

Brake-by-wire (BBW)
● The SBC (Sensotronic Brake Control)operates the brakes using brake fluid supply from
a hydraulic high-pressure reservoir, which is sufficient for several braking events. A
piston pump driven by an electric motor supplies a controlled brake fluid pressure at
range between 140 bars and 160 bars in the gas diaphragm reservoir.
● When the driver presses the brake pedal or when electric motor (ESP) intervenes to
contrast the vehicle the SBC control unit will calculate the desired target brake
pressures on each individual wheel. Through the use of independent pressure
modulators the system regulates a hydraulic pressure at each wheel. These four pressure
modulators consist of one inlet and one outlet valve, controlled by electronic output
stages.
 SUMMARY

• Brakes are critical components in vehicles designed to slow down or

stop motion.
• Key components include brake discs or drums, brake pads or shoes,
and calipers.
• When the brake pedal is pressed, hydraulic pressure is applied to these
components, creating friction that converts kinetic energy into heat,
slowing down the vehicle.
• Brake fluid is essential for transmitting force in hydraulic brake
systems.
• Regular maintenance is crucial for optimal performance and safety.
• Ongoing research aims to enhance braking efficiency and safety,
leading to innovations such as regenerative braking in electric vehicles
and advanced Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) technologies.