TEMPLE

ARCHITECTURE
TYPES AND CL ASSIFICATIONS
INTRODUCTION

•Most of the architectural remains that

survive from Ancient and Medieval
earth are religious in nature.
•In different parts of the world, distinct
architectural style of temples ,
buildings was result of geographical,
ethnic and historical diversities.
•Two broad orders of temples in India
country are known as Nagara in the
north and Dravida in the south.
 SOME TYPES OF ARCHITECTURE
1.Kalinga 6.nagara
2. Kadamba 7. Vesara
3. DravidiYan style 8. Vijayanagara
4. Indian rock cut 9. Hemadpanti
5. Badami 10. Buddhist
chalukya
 DRAVIDIYAN ARCHITECTURE
•The Dravidian temple is
typically square or rectangular
in plan. The sanctum
sanctorum (garbhagriha) is
located in the center. The
sanctum sanctorum is the most
sacred part of the temple and
houses the image of the deity.
•There will be statues of
ferocious dwaarapalakas defe
nding the temple at the
•The vimana is the tower that rises above the sanctum
sanctorum. It is typically pyramidal in shape and is
decorated with intricate carvings. The vimana is a
symbol of the mountain Meru, which is considered to be
the home of the gods in Hindu mythology.
•The gopuram is the gateway tower that leads into the
temple complex. It is typically the tallest structure in the
temple. It is decorated with intricate carvings. The
gopuram is a symbol of the entrance to the divine realm.
•The temple complex typically has many pillared halls.
These are used for worship and other religious activities.
The pillars are typically carved with intricate designs.
They are a beautiful example of Dravidian architecture.
•Tanjore Brihadeeswara temple is an example for
Dravidian architecture
 KALINGA ARCHITECTURE
 The Kalinga architectural style is a
style of Hindu architecture which
flourished in the ancient Kalinga
previously known as Utkal and in present
eastern Indian state of Odisha.
 The style consists of three distinct types
of temples: Rekha Deula, Pidha Deula and
Khakhara Deula. Konark sun temp
 The formerwith
is mainly two Chamunda
are associated
andwith
Durga temples.
 Vishnu,
The Rekha Surya
Deulaand
andShiva temples
Khakhara Deulawhile
houses are the
the third sanctorum while the Pidha Deula constitutes outer dancing
sanctum
and offering halls.
 In Kalinga, the ancient land of Sakta
cult, divine iconography existed since
the mythological era.
 Present day research implies that idols
(deities) were placed under auspicious
trees in the ancient days. And maybe
today a temple in general carries
various
 The minute
various detailsofand
aspects the overall
a typical Kalinga temple include
shape of some heritage
architectural tree.
stipulations, iconography, historical
connotations and honoring the traditions, customs and
associated legends.
 Konark sun temple is an example of Kalinga architecture
 BUDDHIST ARCHITECTURE
• Buddhist religious architecture
developed in the Indian
subcontinent . Three types of
structures are associated with
the religious architecture of early
Buddhism:
1.monasteries (viharas Ellora Caves (
) Maharashtra)
2.places to venerate
relics (stupas)
3.shrines or prayer
 The initial function of a stupa was
the veneration and safe-guarding of
the relics of Gautama Buddha.
 The earliest archaeologically known
example of a stupa is the relic stupa
located in Vaishali, Bihar in India. VIHARAS
 In accordance with changes in
religious practice, stupas were
gradually incorporated into chaitya-
grihas (prayer halls). These are
exemplified by the complexes of
the Ajanta Caves and the
Ellora Caves (Maharashtra). The
Mahabodhi Temple at Bodh Gaya STUPAS
in Bihar is another well-known
 VIJAYANAGARA ARCHITECTURE
 Vijayanagara architecture of 1336–1565
CE was a notable building idiom that
developed during the rule of the imperial
Hindu Vijayanagara Empire.
 The empire ruled South India, from their
regal capital at Vijayanagara, on the
banks of the Tungabhadra River in
modern Karnataka, India . The empire built
temples, monuments, palaces and other
structures across South India, with the
largest concentration in its capital.
 The monuments in and around Hampi, in
the Vijayanagara district, are listed as a
 The Mahakuta hill temples are
from the Western Chalukya
era.
 The region around Hampi had
been a popular place of worship
for centuries before the
Vijayanagara period with earliest
records dating from 689 CE
when it was known as Pampa
Tirtha after
 Palaces werethe local
built onriver God
raised platforms made of granite. The platforms
Pampa.
have multiple tiers of mouldings with well-decorated friezes.
 The decorations can be floral, Kirtimukha shapes (demon faces),
geese, elephants and occasionally human figures. Pillars, beams
and rafters inside the palace were made of wood as evidenced by ash
discovered in excavations.
BADAMI CHALUKYA ARCHITECTURE
• Badami Chalukya architecture is a style
in Hindu temple architecture that
evolved in the 5th – 8th centuries CE in
the Malaprabha river basin, in the
present-day Bagalkot
district of Karnataka state of India, under
the Chalukya dynasty; later it spread
more widely.
• This style is sometimes called the
Vesara style and Chalukya style, a Badami cave tem
term that also includes the much later
Western Chalukya architecture of the
11th and 12th centuries. Early Chalukya
• Badami cave temples have rock-cut
halls with three basic features:
1.PILLERED
VERANDAH
2.THE SANCTUM
CUT OUT DEP IN THE ROCK
3. A COLUMNED
THE VERANDA
HALL

• Early experiments in rock-cut halls

were attempted in Ai hole where
they built three cave temples, one
each in Vedic, Buddhist and Jaina
styles. SANCTUM
BUTANATHA TEMPLE
• The lower part consists of a
padabandha and kumbha.
• The vimana walls has karnas
with Brahmakanta-style
pilasters.
• The wall's nasis depict heads of
kinnaras
• The secondandstorey
gandharvas.
of the superstructure repeats the
lowest larger storey, and the third storey is half of the
second in size, and again repeats the same elements
in a rhythmic form.
• A square vedi topped with a short shikhara completes
the superstructure.
HEMADPANTHI ARCHITECTURE
• Hemadpanti Sculpture (also spelled as
Hemadpanthi) is an architectural style,
named after its founder, the prime minister
Hemadpant (1259-1274 CE) of the court of
Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri.
• The outer walls of Hemadpanti temples are
built in a star shape. In the star-shaped
plan, the outer walls of the temple has a
zigzag design. This results into an
KHANDOBA TEM
interesting effect of alternating light and
shadow. In the star-shaped plan, the outer
walls of the temple has a zigzag design.
This results into an interesting effect of
• The Hemadpanti style of architecture is
characterized by the locally available black stone
and lime. The structure was created without
mortar, creating strong and durable structures.
• Notable features include intricate stone
carvings, sculpted pillars, and grand
entrances.
• Temples and other structures built in this style
often blend religious, cultural, and functional
elements, reflecting the skill and artistry of theAMRUTHESWAR TEM
period.
Pandharpur, Aundha Nagnath, and the Vijapur city walls,
• Some noteworthy
Gondeshwar buildings
Temple include
at Sinnar the temples
Maharastra and the stunning
in
Daitya Sudan temple (Lunar).
• The best examples was khandoba temple and Amrutheswar
temple
NAGARA ARCHITECTURE
• Nagara Style or Nagara
architectural style is a Hindu style of
temple architecture, which is popular in
Northern, Western and Eastern
India (except the Bengal region[1]),
especially in the regions around
Malwa, Rajputana and Kalinga.
• Temples classified as Nagara Style are
found in Madhya Pradesh, Uttar
Pradesh, Rajasthan, KANDARIYA
Gujarat, Odisha, Jharkhand, Bihar ,
Maharashtra, MAHADEVA TEMPLE
• This architectural style is one of the two main styles
of Hindu temple architecture, the other being the
Dravidian architectural style.
• Nagara style has three sub-styles or schools, which differ
slightly from each other. The sub-styles or schools
are Orissa school, Chandel school and Solanki school.
• Developed in North India, this style of temple is built on a
simple stone platform. One or more Sikharas are observed
in temples, but the earliest temples consist of only
one Sikhara.
• The garbhagriha is always located directly below the
highest Sikhara. Also, the Nagara Style is characterized by
the absence of boundary walls, which are widely used in
the Dravidian architectural style of Hindu temple
architecture.
 ROCK-CUT ARCHITECTURE
• Rock-cut architecture is the
creation of structures, buildings,
and sculptures by excavating
solid rock where it naturally occurs.
Intensely laborious when using
ancient tools and methods, rock-cut
architecture was presumably
THE DESCENT OF GANGA IN
combined with quarrying the rock
MAMALLABURAM
for use
ways, elsewhere.
many rock-cut structures are made to replicate the facade or
• interior
Althoughof rock-cut structures
traditional differforms. Interiors were usually carved
architectural
from
out bytraditionally built
starting at the structures
roof in
of the planned space and then working
many
downward. This technique prevents stones falling on workers below.
• The three main uses of rock-cut architecture were temples (like those
in India), tombs, and cave dwellings (like those in Cappadocia).
• A related term, monolithic architecture, refers to free-standing
structures made of a single piece of material. Monolithic architecture
is often rock-cut, as in the Ellora Kailasanathar Temple, but
monolithic structures may also be cast of artificial material, such as
concrete.
• The largest monolithic statue in the world, the
Gommateshwara statue of Bahubali at Shravanabelagola in
the Indian state of Karnataka, was carved in 983 CE from a single
PANORAMIC
block of granite .There are many rock cut structures in VIEW O
MAHABALIPURAM PANDAVAR RADHAS
MAHABALIBALIPUR
 VESARA ARCHITECTURE
 Vesara is a hybrid form of Indian temple
architecture that combines Dravidian
Southern Indian site layouts with shape
details characteristic of the Nagara style of
North India.
 This fusion style likely originated in the
historic architecture schools of The three
VIRUPAKSHA TEMPLE
main uses of rock-cut architecture
were temples
According (liketexts,
to Indian thoseVesara
in India), tombs,
Style was popular in central India,
and cave in
particularly dwellings
between (like
thethose
Vindhya Range and the Krishna River. It is
in of
one Cappadocia).
six major types of Indian temple architecture found in historic
texts,
, particularly
the othersKarnataka.
being Nagara, Dravida, Bhumija, Kalinga, and Varata.
 Structures of this style have an unraised platform or Jagati as their
base. Pillars, doorways, ceilings are decorated with intricate carvings.
The most famous temples of Vesara style are the Kailashnath temple,
Ellora, Chennakesava temple, Virupaksha temple, and Ladkhan
temple.
 Vesara means mule. The south Indian text Kamika-
agama explains that this name is derived from its mixed nature, as
its plan is Dravidian, yet its shape is Nagara in the details. The same
 text says thatisVesara
Its emphasis is also
on Vimana called
and Sankara (hybrid) for the same
Mandapa.
reason.
 Its ground plan is basically in a star shape or stellate plan.
 One of the unique features of India’s architecture, Vesara has an
open ambulatory passageway.
 ANCIENT EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
• Spanning over three thousand years, ancient
Egypt was not one stable civilization but in
constant change and upheaval, commonly split
into periods by historians.
• Likewise, ancient Egyptian architecture is not
one style, but a set of styles differing over time
but with some commonalities.
• The best known example of ancient Egyptian
• Egyptian architecture developed since 3000 FIRST PYLON
architecture are the Egyptian pyramids and bc and
characterized by post and lintel construction, massive AT THE
Sphinx, while excavated temples, palaces, tombs,
walls covered with TEMPLE OF
and fortresses havehieroglyphic and pictorial carving,
also been studied.
flat roofs, and structures such as the mastaba, obelisk, ISIS IN
pylon and the Pyramids. PHILAE
• Egyptian architecture developed since 3000 bc and characterized
by post and lintel construction, massive walls covered with
hieroglyphic and pictorial carving, flat roofs, and structures such as
the mastaba,
• Due obelisk,
to the scarcity pylon and
of wood, the Pyramids.
the two predominant building materials
used in ancient Egypt were sun-baked mud brick and stone, mainly
limestone, but also sandstone and granite in considerable quantities.
• From the Old Kingdom onward, stone was generally reserved for
tombs and temples, while bricks were used even for royal palaces,
fortresses, the walls of temple precincts and towns, and for subsidiary
buildings in temple complexes.
• The core of the pyramids consisted of locally quarried stone, mud
bricks, sand or gravel. For the casing, stones were used that had to be
transported from farther away, predominantly white limestone from
Tura and red granite from upper Egypt.
 CONCLUSION
 Architectural conservation means to conserve the valuable
architectures or architectural values. Since the formation
of architecture, its conservation and restoration have been
considered as a principle. In the ancient Greece, damaged
monuments were repaired such that, the original shape of
the building was preserved.
 Conservation of heritage buildings is very important
because it provides a sense of identity and continuity in a
fast changing world for future generations. Heritage
buildings basically represent the past history and culture
of a nation. They constitute together the architectural
 Conservation of Heritage sites in India is important because:
 Conservation of heritage sites and buildings provides a sense of
identity and continuity in a fast-changing world.
 Heritage sites and buildings represent the past history and culture
of a nation
 It is important to support the tourism industry.
 A heritage site is a place that preserves the cultural, social and
 Thepolitical
heritagehistory
sites inofIndia are protected by the Ancient Monuments
a place.
and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act 1958, which was
amended in 2010. As per this law it protects the following.
• Heritage sites
• Monuments
• Archaeological sites
• Sculptures
 The Protection of Heritage sites in India is undertaken by the
Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) working under the Ministry of
Culture.
THANK YOU
FOR THIS WONDERFUL OPPURTUNITY
WORK BY
 ABISHEK . S
XII-A
 AKILESH . M
XII-A
 ASHWIN . K
XII-A
 RAJ KUMAR . S