ENVIRONMENTA

Types of
SCIENCES
P R E S EN
N TAT I O

Terrestrial
Ecosystem
Presented by – Aditya , Krish,
Mayuri and Tushar
 What is Ecosystem?

» The term “Ecosystem” was first coined by

[Link], an English botanist, in 1935.

» An ecosystem is a community of living

organisms and their physical environment
that interact with each other in a specific
area. The term "eco" refers to a part of the
world and "system" refers to the
coordinating units.

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 What is Terrestrial
Ecosystem?
» A Terrestrial ecosystem is a land-
based community of organisms and
the interactions of biotic and abiotic
components in a given area.

» Examples of terrestrial ecosystems

include the tundra, taigas,
temperate deciduous forests,
tropical rainforests, grasslands, and
deserts.

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 Types of Terrestrial
Ecosystem
Types Of Terrestrial Ecosystems
There are different types of terrestrial ecosystems, which are
widely distributed around the geological zones. They
include:
Forest
These types of ecosystems include both temperate
deciduous forest, plantation forests and tropical rain forests.
They serve as a natural habitat for a vast range of living
species and also comprise the highest species diversity.
Forests cover nearly 30 to 35 million square kilometres of
the earth’s surface and more than 300 million species of
plants and animals live in forests.
Grasslands
Grasslands are the most dominant type of vegetation and
these types of environments occur naturally in several parts
of the world. These types of terrestrial ecosystems serve as
a home for a wide diversity of animal species, such as
elephants, giraffes, hyenas, jackrabbits, lions, rhinos,
warthogs and zebras. Other types of grasslands include|:
[Link] Grasslands
[Link] Grasslands
.
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Tundra
Tundra denotes polar regions, which are characterized by
harsh environmental conditions similar to deserts and is
usually windswept, snow-covered and treeless. Compared to
deserts, this type of ecosystem is completely filled with
frozen soil throughout the year and in summer, the snow
melts and shallow ponds are produced. This gives rise to
lichens and a few plants with small and colorful flowers

Desert
The Desert is a barren region of the landscape, which has
extremely high or low temperatures and has scarce
vegetation. Depending on the climate and temperature,
deserts can be classified into hot deserts and cold deserts.
There are many lives that are well-adapted to life in the
desert. Animals include – Camels, foxes, hyenas, jackals,
scorpions, a few varieties of snakes and lizards. The
common plants are acacia, cactus and date palms.
Sahara is an example of a hot desert, which is categorized
by high temperatures associated with little rainfall and
complicated life for both plants and animals.
Ladakh is an example of a cold desert, which is found on the
eastern side of Jammu and Kashmir near the Great
Himalayas.

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Forest Ecosystem
Study of interdependent relations of flora and
fauna in a forest is termed as Forest Ecosystem.
In such ecosystems, the entire interaction
happens naturally between all abiotic and biotic
components. The ecological potential of any
species depends on their habitat requirements
like temperature, climate, frugality, their lifespan
and, reproducing capacity.

Types of Forest Ecosystem

[Link] Forest Ecosystem
[Link] Tropical Rainforest Ecosystem
[Link] or Taiga Forests

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 TEMPERATE FOREST

» Temperate forests are ecosystems found in the

temperate regions of the world, characterized by
moderate temperatures and well-defined seasons,
including cold winters and warm summers. These
forests receive significant precipitation throughout
the year, typically between 750 to 1,500
millimeters annually, which supports the growth of
diverse plant and animal life.
» There are two main types of temperate forests,
each distinguished by their dominant vegetation,
climate, and geographical location:
a) Temperate Rainforest
b) Temperate Deciduous Forests

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 a) Temperate Rainforest

» Features: These forests are some of the most

productive and ecologically diverse
ecosystems, with rich biodiversity.
» Location: Found in coastal areas such as the
Pacific Northwest of the United States,
southern Chile, New Zealand, and parts of
Australia.
» Climate: Mild temperatures with very high
rainfall, often exceeding 2,000 millimeters
annually.
» Vegetation: Lush, dense forests with
towering coniferous trees (such as Douglas
firs, redwoods, and cedars), as well as an
abundance of mosses, ferns, and lichens.
» Animal Life: Species include black bears,
bobcats, cougars, owls, and a wide range of
amphibians and fish.

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 b) Temperate Deciduous Forests
» Features: Rich soil due to the annual leaf fall
and decomposition process.
» Location: Primarily found in eastern North
America, Europe, and parts of Asia.
» Climate: These forests experience four
distinct seasons (spring, summer, fall, and
winter), with moderate temperatures and
high rainfall throughout the year.
» Vegetation: Dominated by deciduous trees,
such as oak, maple, beech, and birch, which
lose their leaves during the fall.
» Animal Life: Includes species like deer,
squirrels, foxes, birds, and a variety of
insects.

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 BOREAL FOREST

» The boreal forest, also known as the taiga, is

a vast, cold-region forest found in the
northern hemisphere, primarily in Canada,
Russia, Scandinavia, and Alaska. It is the
world’s largest land biome, characterized by
long, harsh winters and short, mild
summers.
» Vegetation: Dominated by coniferous trees
like pines, spruces, firs, and larches, which
are adapted to survive the cold and nutrient-
poor soils.
» Climate: Subarctic, with temperatures often
dropping below freezing for much of the
year, and moderate precipitation, mostly as
snow.
» Wildlife: Home to species such as moose,
wolves, bears, lynxes, and migratory birds,
as well as various insects.
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TROPICAL RAINFORESTS
A Tropical rainforest is a forest that receives heavy rainfall
throughout the year and lies in the tropical climate zone.
Thus, tropical rainforests are found in areas around the equator and
extend up-to about 10° north and south latitude. Africa, Asia, and
South America all have tropical rainforests. The largest among them
is the Amazon rainforest in Brazil, South America.
Hence the tropical rainforests have the following characteristics:
•High precipitation is evenly distributed throughout the year.
•Very high humidity.
•Temperatures that constantly stick around 29° C all year round.
•Evergreen vegetation due to year-round rainfall.
•Wide varieties of plant and animal species.
A tropical rainforest lies near the equator, where the Earth receives
direct sunlight. Intense rays from the sun create a
climate that is warm throughout the year. The temperatures remain
around 29°C or 85°F throughout the year.
Besides, these forests receive heavy rainfall each year, hence the
name ‘rainforest.’ The average rainfall is 1100 to 2000mm per year.
High precipitation combined with higher temperatures results in very
high humidity.

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TROPICAL DECIDIOUS FORESTS

Tropical deciduous forest takes their name from deciduous trees that shed their
leaves in the dry season. These forests are marked by a distinct period of heavy
rainfall and then dry season. Tropical deciduous forest is generally located
adjacent to the tropical and subtropical rainforest biome.
Regions like south-eastern Africa, southern Mexico, central India, New
Caledonia, Madagascar, eastern Bolivia, and central Brazil have tropical
deciduous forests.
Tropical deciduous forests have the following characteristics:
•Tropical deciduous forests are mainly found in regions lying between the tropic
of cancer and the tropic of Capricorn.
•A distinct period of heavy and scarce precipitation.
•The average temperature lies around 28 to 30 degrees Celsius.
•The vegetation here is not evergreen due to more extended dry periods with no
rainfall..
Tropical deciduous forests are further divided into dry and wet deciduous forests.
The wet forest receives more rainfall than the dry deciduous forest.
The soil is another essential characteristic of the tropical dry forest, and its
wealth of nutrients has led to the establishment of large-scale agricultural and
livestock production areas. Incidentally, tropical deciduous forests are the most
exploited forests in the world.

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